Research Papers
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Item Comparative Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Therapeutic Vaccines in Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials(Vaccines, 2025) Babiker, Rasha; Wali, Adil Farooq; El-Tanani, Mohamed; Rabbani, Syed Arman; Rangraze, Imran; Satyam, Shakta Mani; Patni, Mohamed Anas; El-Tanani, YahiaBackground: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and therapeutic vaccines have emerged as promising immunotherapeutic strategies for solid tumors. However, their comparative efficacy in improving overall survival (OS) remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ICIs and therapeutic vaccines in improving OS in patients with solid tumors. Methods: A comprehensive search was con ducted across PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Clinical Trials.gov for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2024. Studies comparing ICIs or therapeutic vaccines against control treatments (placebo, standard of care, or active comparators) in adults with solid tumors were included. The primary out come was OS, and data were pooled using RevMan (web). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Results: Thirteen RCTs involving 10,991 participants were included. A total of 5722 of them were treated with therapeutic vaccines or checkpoint inhibitors. Therapeutic vaccines demonstrated insignificant improvement in OS, with a pooled mean difference of 1.89 months (95% CI: −0.54–4.31; P = 0.13), although with homo geneity (I2 = 0%). ICIs showed a statistically significant OS benefit, with a pooled mean difference of 1.32 months (95% CI: 0.62–2.02; P = 0.0002) and low heterogeneity (I2 = 12%). Conclusions: Therapeutic vaccines provide a larger but less consistent benefit, whereas ICIs offer modest but more consistent survival advantage. These findings support the need for personalized immunotherapy approaches as well as further research to identify predictive biomarkers and optimize treatment strategies by acquiring deep insights into the TMEdynamic and behaviors.Item Emerging Multifunctional Biomaterials for Addressing Drug Resistance in Cancer(Biology, 2025) El-Tanani, Mohamed; Rabbani, Syed Arman; Babiker, Rasha; El-Tanani, Yahia; Satyam, Shakta Mani; Porntaveetus, ThantriraDrug resistance remains a major barrier to effective cancer treatment, contributing to poor patient outcomes. Multifunctional biomaterials integrating electrical and catalytic properties offer a transformative strategy to target diverse resistance mechanisms. This review explores their ability to modulate cellular processes, remodel the tumor microen vironment (TME), and enhance drug delivery. Electrically active biomaterials enhance drug uptake and apoptotic sensitivity by altering membrane potentials, ion channels, and intracellular signaling, synergizing with chemotherapy. Catalytic biomaterials generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), activate prodrugs, reprogram hypoxic and acidic TME, and degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) to improve drug penetration. Hybrid nanomaterials (e.g., conductive hydrogels, electrocatalytic nanoparticles), synergize electrical and catalytic properties for localized, stimuli-responsive therapy and targeted drug release, minimizing systemic toxicity. Despite challenges in biocompatibility and scalability, future integration with immunotherapy, personalized medicine, and intelligent self-adaptive systems capable of real-time tumor response promises to accelerate clinical translation. The development of these adaptive biomaterials, alongside advancements in nanotechnology and AI-driven platforms, represents the next frontier in precision oncology. This review highlights the potential of multifunctional biomaterials to revolutionize cancer therapy by addressing multidrug resistance at cellular, genetic, and microenvironmental levels, offering a roadmap to improve therapeutic outcomes and reshape oncology practice.