Research Papers
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Item Natural Bioactive Compounds in the Management of Periodontal Diseases: A Comprehensive Review(Molecules, 2024) Hashim, Nada Tawfig; Babiker, Rasha; Rahman, MuhammedMustahsen; Mohamed, Riham; Priya , Sivan Padma; Chaitanya, Nallan CSK; Islam, Md Sofiqul; Gobara, BakriPeriodontal diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions affecting oral health, are primarily driven by microbial plaque biofilm and the body’s inflammatory response, leading to tissue damage and potential tooth loss. These diseases have significant physical, psychological, social, and economic impacts, necessitating effective management strategies that include early diagnosis, comprehensive treatment, and innovative therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in biomanufacturing have facilitated the development of natural bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, terpenoids, alka loids, saponins, and peptides, which exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regenerative properties. This review explores the biomanufacturing processes—microbial fermentation, plant cell cultures, and enzymatic synthesis—and their roles in producing these bioactive compounds for managing periodontal diseases. The integration of these natural compounds into periodontal therapy offers promising alternatives to traditional treatments, potentially overcoming issues like antibiotic resistance and the disruption of the natural microbiota, thereby improving patient outcomes.Item Microbial Dynamics in Periodontal Regeneration: Understanding Microbiome Shifts and the Role of Antifouling and Bactericidal Materials: A Narrative Review(Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 2024) Hashim, Nada Tawfig; Babiker, Rasha; Priya, Sivan Padma; Mohammed, Riham; Chaitanya, Nallan CSK; Padmanabhan, Vivek; El Bahra, Shadi; Rahman, Muhammed Mustahsen; Gismalla, Bakri GobaraPeriodontal regeneration is a multifaceted therapeutic approach to restore the tooth supporting structures lost due to periodontal diseases. This manuscript explores the intricate inter actions between regenerative therapies and the oral microbiome, emphasizing the critical role of microbial balance in achieving long-term success. While guided tissue regeneration (GTR), bone grafting, and soft tissue grafting offer promising outcomes in terms of tissue regeneration, these procedures can inadvertently alter the oral microbial ecosystem, potentially leading to dysbiosis or pathogenic recolonization. Different grafting materials, including autografts, allografts, xenografts, and alloplasts, influence microbial shifts, with variations in the healing timeline and microbial stabi lization. Biologics and antimicrobials, such as enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) and sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD), play a key role in promoting microbial homeostasis by supporting tissue repair and reducing pathogenic bacteria. Emerging strategies, such as enzyme-based therapies and antifouling materials, aim to disrupt biofilm formation and enhance the effectiveness of periodontal treatments. Understanding these microbial dynamics is essential for optimizing regenerative ther apies and improving patient outcomes. The future of periodontal therapy lies in the development of advanced materials and strategies that not only restore lost tissues but also stabilize the oral microbiome, ultimately leading to long-term periodontal health.Item The Impact of Ozone on Periodontal Cell Line Viability and Function(Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 2025) Hashim, Nada Tawfig; Babiker, Rasha; Dasnadi, Shahistha Parveen; Islam, Md Sofiqul; Chaitanya, Nallan CSK; Mohammed, Riham; Farghal, Nancy Soliman; Gobara, Bakri; Rahman, Muhammed MustahsenPeriodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are chronic inflam matory conditions of the teeth’ supporting structures that can lead to progressive tissue destruction and loss if left untreated. Basic treatments like scaling and root planing, alone or combined with antimicrobial agents, are the standard of care. However, with the increas ing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the need for new ideas in therapy, adjunctive treatments like ozone therapy have gained attention. Ozone (O3), a triatomic oxygen molecule, is used because of its strong antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenera tive activity and, hence, as a potential tool in periodontal therapy. This review of the use of ozone therapy in periodontal disease breaks down the multifaceted mechanism of ozone therapy, which includes the selective antimicrobial action against biofilm-associated pathogens, immunomodulatory effects on host cells, and stimulation of tissue repair. O3 therapy disrupts microbial biofilms, enhances immune cell function, and promotes healing by activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways that regulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Additional findings include its ability to upregulate growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins, which is significant for periodontal tissue regeneration. This review also discusses the application of O3 therapy in periodontal cell lines, emphasizing its impact on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. Advances in periodontal re generative techniques, combined with the antimicrobial and healing properties of O3, have demonstrated significant clinical benefits. Challenges, including the need for standardized dosages, effective delivery systems, and long-term studies, are also addressed to ensure safe and effective clinical integration. O3 therapy, with its dual antimicrobial and regenerative capabilities, offers an innovative adjunctive approach to periodontal treatment. Future research focusing on optimized protocols and evidence-based guidelines is essential to fully realize its potential in enhancing periodontal health and improving patient outcomes.Item Exploring Salivary Alpha-Amylase as a Biomarker in Periodontitis: A Comparative Analysis of Disease Stages and Clinical Correlations(Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 2024) Hashim, Nada Tawfig; Fathima, Sadiah; Hisham, Nurain Mohammad; Shivappa, Pooja; Magaogao, Michael V.; Islam, Md Sofiqul; Ahmed, Sara Faisal; Babiker, Rasha; Rahman, MuhammedMustahsenPeriodontal disease, characterized by bacterial plaque accumulation and subsequent im muneresponse, can lead to gingivitis and periodontitis if untreated. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has emerged as a potential biomarker with implications in periodontal disease progression. Objec tives: This study aimed to assess and compare salivary alpha-amylase levels in individuals with periodontitis and healthy controls and to investigate its relationship with clinical parameters of periodontal disease. Forty-five participants were categorized into periodontally healthy (n = 13), Stage I and II Periodontitis (n = 17), and Stage III and IV periodontitis (n = 15) groups. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed using ELISA kits. Statistical analyses included tests for normality, group comparisons, post hoc analysis, and correlation analysis. Significant differences in salivary alpha-amylase levels were observed among severity groups (p < 0.05), with higher levels in periodon titis patients than healthy controls. Spearman correlation revealed moderate positive associations between alpha-amylase levels and probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Elevated salivary alpha-amylase levels were found to be associated with more severe periodontal disease, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for periodontitis severity. These findings support the utility of salivary biomarkers in periodontal disease diagnosis and monitoring, although further validation and standardization are warranted for clinical application.