Research Papers
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Item Characterization of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Gross Target Volume with 18F-FDG PET scan using Texture Analysis(International Journal Dental and Medical Sciences Research (IJDMSR), 2020) Awadain,Sami Y. I; Alameen,Suhaib; Algorashi,Eman M; Gar-Elnabi,Mohamed E. MThis study concern to characterize the lung area to cardiac, lung, tumor and submucosal using Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and extract classification features from PET/CT with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose images. Using the GLCM techniques to find the gray level variation in PET/CT images it complements the features extracted from PET/CT images with variation of gray level in pixels and estimate the distribution of the sub-patterns using Interactive Data Language IDL software. The results show’s that the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix and features extracted give a classification accuracy of cardiac 91.6%, lung 100%, tumor 99.6%, while the sub-mucosal showed accuracy 91.2%. The overall classification accuracy of lung area 96.0%. These relationships are stored in a Texture Dictionary that can be later used to automatically annotate new PET/CT images with the appropriate lung area names.Item Assessment of effects induced by bone scintigraphy dose in red & white blood cells relative to ageing and obesity(MOJ Public Health, 2020) Sakin,Ghada Abker Edam; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed Elfadil Mohamed; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Omer,Mohammed; Ali,Rowaida Bushra; Esmeal,MahaIntroduction: The indispensable Nuclear Medicine (NM) technology has been utilized for diagnosis of pathologies, cancer staging and researches; however, it accompanied by potential hazards; hence the aim of this study was to estimate the impact of radioactive dose of bone scintigraphy in quantity of WBCs and RBCs relative to ageing and body mass index (BMI). Methods: The Technetium-99m generator eluted based on time activity formula ( 0 t I Ie−λ = ) and further the eluted dose mixed with Methylene Diphosphate (MDP) and injected to specific patient based on BMI. Then WBCs and RBCs before and after 3-3.5 hours of dose injection estimated using automated cell counter (Sysmex KX-21) and the collected data of 150 patients analyzed by SPSS. Results: The results showed that Females were the common gender referred to bone scan representing 70%. The WBC and RBCs count increases following the ageing from 18–61 and 18-50 years old respectively then decreases following ageing. WBCs increases as the BMI increases from≤18.49 (underweight) up to 25–29.9 (overweight) then decreases among obese (30 – 39.9) and peaking among Morbidly obese (≥ 40 Kg) but remains in normal range, while RBCs increases as the BMI increases from underweight (≤18.49) up to normal BMI (18.5–24.9) then persist semi constant in normal range among the rest weights. The activity dose (15±2.9 mCi) of bone scan reduces significantly the WBCs by 3.8% at P-value = 0.00 and P=value = 0.05) relative to age and BMI respectively but reduced RBCs insignificantly (P-value = 0.32) by 3.6% relative to normal. Conclusion: NM doses of 15±2.9 mCi induce significant reduction in WBCs with regard to age and BMI, while the effect in RBCs was insignificant. Hence the ideal count of WBCs is necessary to be assessed before bone scan and the dose better reduced as less as the applied formula gave. Other methods of dose estimation will be contemplated and the image quality could be maintained by increasing image acquisition time or using SPECT.Item Estimation of Patient’s Effective Dose From 18F-FDG Whole-Body PET/CT Procedures(Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 2020) Awadain,Sami Y. I; Alameen,Suhaib; Algorashi,Eman M; Gar-Elnabi,Mohamed E. MThe aim of this study to Estimate the patient’s dose from 18F-FDG (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography) whole body investigations. The dose calculated using RADAR Medical Procedure Radiation Dose Calculator to estimate the effective dose, for 156 patients (110 males and 40 female) were examined by Discovery PET/CT 710, GE Medical Systems in Kuwait Cancer Control Center. The results showed that variation in effective dose, were the effective dose ranged from 156 to 9.94 mSv. And found that the effective dose for female 3.88 mSv was higher than the dose for male 3.71 mSv, this variation come from the higher value of BMI between the females 28.49 kg/m2 than the BMI of males 26.50 kg/m2 , also there was lightly variation of effective dose between the right and left lung, were the effective dose for right lung 3.86 mSv was higher as same as the BMI 27.19 kg/m2 was higher than the dose 3.59 mSv and BMI 26.82 kg/m2 of left lung. The results provide that there is no difference demonstrates in the effective dose from 18F-FDG in male and female patients. And recommended that all the clinical practice should be justify and be careful about the concept risk-benefit ratio to any and efforts 18FDG whole-body PET/CT scan.Item Assessment of Image Quality for Digital Radiography Units using Prototype Phantom(International Journal Dental and Medical Sciences Research (IJDMSR), 2020) Deiab,Huyam F; AbdAllh,Nedal A; Beineen,A. A; Gar-Elnabi,M. E. MThe main objective of this study to measure the x-ray machines resolution using Modulation Transfer Function MTF which gives a full description of the machine resolution. this study introduced the a more reliable method of measuring the resolution which is modulation transfer function (MTF) which gives a complete description of the resolution instead of using full width at half maximum (FWHM) or the visibility method which is more qualitative where MTF is a real quantitative method, by designed a prototype phantom consisted of five wires with different thickness and kV for five x-ray units. with three object spatial frequency 0.333, 0.298 and 0.216 cycle/mm, imaging the designed phantoms the thickness from wire showed the best results of 0.333 cycle/mm from all hospitals was 92% for 44 kV at ALS hospital, and for 0.298 cycle/mm the best resolution from all hospitals was 97% for 40 kV at Sudan University hospital, the frequency 0.216 cycle/mm the best resolution was 100% at RO with kV 40, ALS at 44 kV and SHN and ALS at 46 kV. Also, the results showed that as the object spatial frequency increased (thickness of the wire decreased) the resolution values decreased as the results of the Kv increases. This is mainly due to the penetration of the radiation as well as the limitation of the x-ray resolution in picking up finer details where the intensifying screen and the film capabilities limit the infant of the resolution.Item Assessment of Diagnostic X-ray Machine Resolution Using Modulation Transfer Function(International Journal Dental and Medical Sciences Research (IJDMSR), 2020) Deiab,Huyam F; AbdAllh,Nedal A; Beineen,A. A; Gar-Elnabi,M. E. MThis study design to measure the x-ray machine resolution using MTF which gives a full description of the machine resolution. The x-ray machines were investigated the optimum resolution using wire phantom designed by the researcher which consisted of variable thicknesses used to test variable exposure factors. The prototype phantom consisted of five wires with different thickness assessed the diagnostic x-ray machine resolution by found the optimum kV relative to machine type. This study showed that the best machine resolution was Shimadzu 2011 for Khartoum emergency hospital that had high resolution 97% at 46Kv for thickness of 1.4mm compared with Toshiba 2011 for Almotkamil hospital that had 92% at 46Kvp. Also, the result showed that for the two types of x-ray machines the x-ray tubes don’t produced the same exposure and the output decreased with age of x-ray unit, also the resolution reduced when decreased the thickness of the wires. And from all measurement we notice when the spatial resolution become smaller the resolution becomes better and with increase the x ray machines tube voltage the resolution become best. For spatial resolution 0.36 the resolution is better than the other frequencies and when compares the kilo voltage 40, 44 and 46 kV the voltage 46 kV give best resolution than 40 and 44 kV.Item Characterization of Infertility using Ultrasonography(Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 2020) Zeinalabdeen,Manal Z. A; Gar-Elnabi,Mohamed E. MThe aim of this study to characterize the fertility in women using ultrasound through the uterine blood flow indices and uterus dimension. The sample consisted of 100 women; 50 of them were infertile and the other 50 were fertile women taken as control group. The result of this study showed that there is a significant difference between the fertile and infertile women in case of the uterus length and size, the uterus width and blood flow indices showed inconclusive result. The relationship of blood flow indices to uterine dimension showed a significant linear association between the uterus length and PI and PSV for the infertile women. While it shows similar relationship with the uterus length and area, and PI and PSV (multiple regression). These relationships were reverse in case of the fertile and infertile. For the infertile group there is an inverse linear relationship between the PI and uterus length and direct linear relationship between the PSV and uterus length. In case of fertile group there is a direct linear relationship between the PI and the uterus length (and uterus size) and inverse linear relationship between the PSV and uterus length and uterus size.Item Assessment of Infertility Factors and Their Relative Impact in Pregnancy using Ultrasonography & Hormonal Checkup(Journal of Science and Science Education, 2020) Gar-elnabi,Mohamed Elfadil M; Abdelsalam.Manal Z; Abdelsalam,Manal Z; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Musa,Mustafa JInfertility as a social and psychological problem among middle east natives. Among them, Transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) and hormonal tests have been selected to evaluate infertility in this study. The objective was to assess the infertility factors and their relative impact in pregnancy and to deduce the equation to predict infertility. Methods: a retrospective data (morphometric pathologies of uterus and ovaries using TVU and laboratory hormones (FSH, LH)) have been collected from clinics for 180 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Sudan. The data analyzed by SPSS. The results showed that there were 120 (66.7%) infertile and 60 (33.3%) fertile ladies based on the marriage date. The common ovarian causes of infertility were the polycystic ovary (PCOs) 23.3%, simple cyst 6.1%, hemorrhagic cyst, 4.4%, and uterus causes: 6.7% intramural fibroma, 6.1% retroverted uterus, 2.8% submural fibroma, 2.2 polyps. The general accuracy of Stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis (SLDA) was 78.9%, for infertile was 70.8% and for fertile 95%. Larger ovarian width indicates significance (p < 0.05) infertility and FSH level low among infertile ladies, but LH is less dependent on discrimination.Item Assessment of Ischemic Coronary Arteries Prevalence, Reversibility and Relative Dose Ratio% Using 99Mtc- Sestamibi and 201Tl(PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH, 2016) Adam,Mohamed Elwathiq; Gar- elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Sakin,Ghada A. E; Omer,Mohamed A. AliThe aim of this study was to assess the ischemic coronary arteries prevalence, reversibility and the relative dose ratio% using 99mTc-Sestamibi and 201TL. The method was adapted from the heart scintigraphy protocol i.e. a sample of one hundred and forty four patients with known or suspected ischemic heart disease (IHD)were administrated to a typically dose of 740 MBq (20 mCi) of 99mTc-MIBI and 74 to 111 MBq (2 to 3 mCi)of 201Tl, Patients under beta-blockers or calcium channel antagonists were asked to discontinue administration for 24 - 48 hours before the stress test, using the slandered Bruce protocol exercise followed by immediate SPECT study for stress ,One to two hours after injection, a rest 201Tl SPECT acquisition was performed, While acquiring rest images for 99mTc-MIBI were obtained two to three hours post stress phase, SPECT acquisition was acquired with 90 degree configuration using contouring centered on the heart. The results analysis was carried out using EXCELL software in form of bars and correlation, which showed that: the male were more common involved by ischemic disease compared to female during the age hood with plateau occurring among age group of 50-70 years old. And the common artery of the heart involved by Ischemia was the left anterior descending artery (LAD) which represented 43% relative to 31% and 26% for LCX and RCA respectively. The reversibility of ischemia in heart arteries were high in case of LAD (43%) and LCX (31%) when detected by 201Tl among male and 99mTc-MIBI among female respectively while RCA shows the less reversibility of ischemia as17% for male by 99mTc-MIBI, 10% for male by 201Tl, 9% for female by 99mTc-MIBI and 11% for female by 201Tl.Also both Tlalium-201 and 99mTc-MIBI can detect the ischemic artery successfully during rest and stress with considerable limited and low exposure dose to other anatomical organs as GIT, Left Lung, and Right Lung.Item Brain Ultrasound Exposure Finding in Albino Rat Fetuses at Late Gestation Stage(International Journal of Science and Research, 2018) Abdelrahman,Hussien Abdelrhman Hussien; Ali,Qurashi M; Gar-Elnabi,Mohamed E M; Adam,Asia Ismail; Abd-Alall,Alaa Ahmed IbrahimIn spite of ultrasound important role in human imaging especially to obestrics examination, power of ultrasound increased exponential with development of equipment their boost dose to fetuses and raise the probability of biological damage. This experimental study is to evaluate the brain histopathology of albino rat fetuses after being exposed to ultrasound in utero at late gestation period of (17, 18, 19, 20, 21) day. Control against exposed groups is used in this study with fixed ultrasound exposure parameter for 40 minutes. Result from this study found that exposed group show multiple differentiation between two groups like disorganization of cortical and medulla, edema, hemorrhage and dis arrangement of white and grey matter of brain tissue. FromItem Clinical Presentation of Lumbosacral Spinal Canal Stenosis Among Sudanese Patients(Global Journal of Orthopedics Research, 2019) Elhassan,Yasir A Mohamed; Ahmed,Anas O; Ali,Qurashi M; Handady,Siddig Omer MBackground: Spinal canal Stenosis is a disabling disease and a major health problem facing most of the population all over the world. Patients suffering from lumbar spinal stenosis develop pain, paresthesia’s, numbness, and weakness in the back and legs due to entrapment of the lumbosacral nerve roots in the constricted neural canal and foramina. Objective: To determine clinical presentation of lower spinal canal stenosis among Sudanese patients. Methods: It was retrospective -hospital based study comprises 101 patients (58 male and 42 female) of post-operative patients diagnosed as severe lumbosacral spinal canal stenosis and undergone de-compressive surgery at neurosurgery department of Alshaab Teaching Hospital and Ribat Teaching Hospital. Interviews using a tested questionnaire were used for data collection. Patients’ files were also studies to determine the type of operation done; the etiology of the disease, and MRI of the patients were reviewed. Examination of the weight and height were also done. Results: Hundred and one (101) patients were selected, the age distribution ranged from 15 to 80 years with a mean (standard deviation) age of 57.0±2.2 years and the most affected patients were more than 50 years 41 (40.6%). It was observed that 59 (58.4%) participants were male and 42 (41.6%) were female. Lower limb numbness and/or tingling were the most common symptoms, occurring in 93 (92.1%) of the patients, followed by lower back pain in 92(91.1%), weakness in 70(69.3%) and sphincteric loss observed in 20 (19.8%). Symptoms were bilateral in 58(57.4%), asymmetrical in 95 (94.1%) and in 65 (64.4%) of patients involved the entire leg. Conclusion: The present study highlighted the clinical presentation of spinal canal stenosis and showed that lower limb numbness and/or tingling were the most common symptom, followed by pain and weakness. Male patients were mainly affected and the age most affected by the spinal canal stenosis was more than 50 years.