Research Papers

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Assessment of Diagnostic X-ray Machine Resolution Using Modulation Transfer Function
(International Journal Dental and Medical Sciences Research (IJDMSR), 2020) Deiab,Huyam F; AbdAllh,Nedal A; Beineen,A. A; Gar-Elnabi,M. E. M
This study design to measure the x-ray machine resolution using MTF which gives a full description of the machine resolution. The x-ray machines were investigated the optimum resolution using wire phantom designed by the researcher which consisted of variable thicknesses used to test variable exposure factors. The prototype phantom consisted of five wires with different thickness assessed the diagnostic x-ray machine resolution by found the optimum kV relative to machine type. This study showed that the best machine resolution was Shimadzu 2011 for Khartoum emergency hospital that had high resolution 97% at 46Kv for thickness of 1.4mm compared with Toshiba 2011 for Almotkamil hospital that had 92% at 46Kvp. Also, the result showed that for the two types of x-ray machines the x-ray tubes don’t produced the same exposure and the output decreased with age of x-ray unit, also the resolution reduced when decreased the thickness of the wires. And from all measurement we notice when the spatial resolution become smaller the resolution becomes better and with increase the x ray machines tube voltage the resolution become best. For spatial resolution 0.36 the resolution is better than the other frequencies and when compares the kilo voltage 40, 44 and 46 kV the voltage 46 kV give best resolution than 40 and 44 kV.
Assessment of effects induced by bone scintigraphy dose in red & white blood cells relative to ageing and obesity
(MOJ Public Health, 2020) Sakin,Ghada Abker Edam; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed Elfadil Mohamed; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Omer,Mohammed; Ali,Rowaida Bushra; Esmeal,Maha
Introduction: The indispensable Nuclear Medicine (NM) technology has been utilized for diagnosis of pathologies, cancer staging and researches; however, it accompanied by potential hazards; hence the aim of this study was to estimate the impact of radioactive dose of bone scintigraphy in quantity of WBCs and RBCs relative to ageing and body mass index (BMI). Methods: The Technetium-99m generator eluted based on time activity formula ( 0 t I Ie−λ = ) and further the eluted dose mixed with Methylene Diphosphate (MDP) and injected to specific patient based on BMI. Then WBCs and RBCs before and after 3-3.5 hours of dose injection estimated using automated cell counter (Sysmex KX-21) and the collected data of 150 patients analyzed by SPSS. Results: The results showed that Females were the common gender referred to bone scan representing 70%. The WBC and RBCs count increases following the ageing from 18–61 and 18-50 years old respectively then decreases following ageing. WBCs increases as the BMI increases from≤18.49 (underweight) up to 25–29.9 (overweight) then decreases among obese (30 – 39.9) and peaking among Morbidly obese (≥ 40 Kg) but remains in normal range, while RBCs increases as the BMI increases from underweight (≤18.49) up to normal BMI (18.5–24.9) then persist semi constant in normal range among the rest weights. The activity dose (15±2.9 mCi) of bone scan reduces significantly the WBCs by 3.8% at P-value = 0.00 and P=value = 0.05) relative to age and BMI respectively but reduced RBCs insignificantly (P-value = 0.32) by 3.6% relative to normal. Conclusion: NM doses of 15±2.9 mCi induce significant reduction in WBCs with regard to age and BMI, while the effect in RBCs was insignificant. Hence the ideal count of WBCs is necessary to be assessed before bone scan and the dose better reduced as less as the applied formula gave. Other methods of dose estimation will be contemplated and the image quality could be maintained by increasing image acquisition time or using SPECT.
Assessment of Gamma Camera SPECT Resolution using Developed Quality Control Phantom
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2013) Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Ali,Wadah M; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Edam,Ghada A
The aim of this study; was to developed and designs an indigenous quality control phantom QCP to be used for gamma camera resolution QC test which installed at Royal Care hospital (RCH) and Radiation & Isotopes Center of Khartoum (RICK), as well to compare its performance relative to the standard QC phantom recommended by National Electronic Manufacture Association NEMA. The phantom has been designed based on the parameters and specifications recommended by NEMA with specific indigenous designing in view of utilizing local cheep material such as Perspex and wires lead and geometrical engineering. The comparative QC assessment for RCH and RICK revealed that: for RCH and RICK the resolution was 94.0% and 89.5% respectively which was dependant on the minimum object size resolved in the designed phantom (0.5 mm), while the resolution obtained by NEMA standard phantom showed 95.5% and 91.8% respectively. Quite similar resolution% has been obtained by the designed phantom depending on the object frequency (number of object/cm) i.e. number of lead wires resolved per cm2 , in this view the resolution was resolution was 94% and 90.3% respectively and in comparison with that obtained by NEMA phantom which was 95.5% and 91.8% respectively, the average deviation factor of the designed phantom from the standard was 1.5% - 1.9. Also the general trend of correlation between object size versus resolution showed a linear proportional equation in a form of y = 6.59x + 47.87 and y = 6.64x + 43.1 for RCH and RICK respectively with significant correlation as R2 = 0.98. And for object frequency versus resolution, the equation trend was inversely according to: for RCH and for RICK, where x refers to object frequency and y refers to resolution%, with significant correlation as R2 = 1.
Assessment of Image Quality for Digital Radiography Units using Prototype Phantom
(International Journal Dental and Medical Sciences Research (IJDMSR), 2020) Deiab,Huyam F; AbdAllh,Nedal A; Beineen,A. A; Gar-Elnabi,M. E. M
The main objective of this study to measure the x-ray machines resolution using Modulation Transfer Function MTF which gives a full description of the machine resolution. this study introduced the a more reliable method of measuring the resolution which is modulation transfer function (MTF) which gives a complete description of the resolution instead of using full width at half maximum (FWHM) or the visibility method which is more qualitative where MTF is a real quantitative method, by designed a prototype phantom consisted of five wires with different thickness and kV for five x-ray units. with three object spatial frequency 0.333, 0.298 and 0.216 cycle/mm, imaging the designed phantoms the thickness from wire showed the best results of 0.333 cycle/mm from all hospitals was 92% for 44 kV at ALS hospital, and for 0.298 cycle/mm the best resolution from all hospitals was 97% for 40 kV at Sudan University hospital, the frequency 0.216 cycle/mm the best resolution was 100% at RO with kV 40, ALS at 44 kV and SHN and ALS at 46 kV. Also, the results showed that as the object spatial frequency increased (thickness of the wire decreased) the resolution values decreased as the results of the Kv increases. This is mainly due to the penetration of the radiation as well as the limitation of the x-ray resolution in picking up finer details where the intensifying screen and the film capabilities limit the infant of the resolution.
Assessment of Infertility Factors and Their Relative Impact in Pregnancy using Ultrasonography & Hormonal Checkup
(Journal of Science and Science Education, 2020) Gar-elnabi,Mohamed Elfadil M; Abdelsalam.Manal Z; Abdelsalam,Manal Z; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Musa,Mustafa J
Infertility as a social and psychological problem among middle east natives. Among them, Transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) and hormonal tests have been selected to evaluate infertility in this study. The objective was to assess the infertility factors and their relative impact in pregnancy and to deduce the equation to predict infertility. Methods: a retrospective data (morphometric pathologies of uterus and ovaries using TVU and laboratory hormones (FSH, LH)) have been collected from clinics for 180 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Sudan. The data analyzed by SPSS. The results showed that there were 120 (66.7%) infertile and 60 (33.3%) fertile ladies based on the marriage date. The common ovarian causes of infertility were the polycystic ovary (PCOs) 23.3%, simple cyst 6.1%, hemorrhagic cyst, 4.4%, and uterus causes: 6.7% intramural fibroma, 6.1% retroverted uterus, 2.8% submural fibroma, 2.2 polyps. The general accuracy of Stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis (SLDA) was 78.9%, for infertile was 70.8% and for fertile 95%. Larger ovarian width indicates significance (p < 0.05) infertility and FSH level low among infertile ladies, but LH is less dependent on discrimination.
Assessment of Ischemic Coronary Arteries Prevalence, Reversibility and Relative Dose Ratio% Using 99Mtc- Sestamibi and 201Tl
(PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH, 2016) Adam,Mohamed Elwathiq; Gar- elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Sakin,Ghada A. E; Omer,Mohamed A. Ali
The aim of this study was to assess the ischemic coronary arteries prevalence, reversibility and the relative dose ratio% using 99mTc-Sestamibi and 201TL. The method was adapted from the heart scintigraphy protocol i.e. a sample of one hundred and forty four patients with known or suspected ischemic heart disease (IHD)were administrated to a typically dose of 740 MBq (20 mCi) of 99mTc-MIBI and 74 to 111 MBq (2 to 3 mCi)of 201Tl, Patients under beta-blockers or calcium channel antagonists were asked to discontinue administration for 24 - 48 hours before the stress test, using the slandered Bruce protocol exercise followed by immediate SPECT study for stress ,One to two hours after injection, a rest 201Tl SPECT acquisition was performed, While acquiring rest images for 99mTc-MIBI were obtained two to three hours post stress phase, SPECT acquisition was acquired with 90 degree configuration using contouring centered on the heart. The results analysis was carried out using EXCELL software in form of bars and correlation, which showed that: the male were more common involved by ischemic disease compared to female during the age hood with plateau occurring among age group of 50-70 years old. And the common artery of the heart involved by Ischemia was the left anterior descending artery (LAD) which represented 43% relative to 31% and 26% for LCX and RCA respectively. The reversibility of ischemia in heart arteries were high in case of LAD (43%) and LCX (31%) when detected by 201Tl among male and 99mTc-MIBI among female respectively while RCA shows the less reversibility of ischemia as17% for male by 99mTc-MIBI, 10% for male by 201Tl, 9% for female by 99mTc-MIBI and 11% for female by 201Tl.Also both Tlalium-201 and 99mTc-MIBI can detect the ischemic artery successfully during rest and stress with considerable limited and low exposure dose to other anatomical organs as GIT, Left Lung, and Right Lung.
Assessment of Used Formulae for Sonographic Estimation of Fetal Weight in Sudanese Population
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2016) Ayad,Caroline Edward; Ibrahim,Ahmed Abdelrahim Mohammed; Garelnabi,Mohamed Elfadil Mohamed; Ahmed,Bushra Hussein; Abdalla,Elsafi Ahmed; Saleem,Mohammed Ahmed Elshiekh
The objective of this study is to assess commonly used formulae (Sheppard, Campbell, Hadlock I, II, III, and IV) for estimation of fetal weight in Sudanese population. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Saudi Hospital-Khartoum-Sudan; from December 2015 to April 2016. The study included 225 singleton pregnancies. The fetal biometry—Biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL) and actual birth weights (ABW) were taken. Statistical analysis showed significant results at p ≤ 0.005. Results showed that the significant highest positive correlation between the ABW and the EFW/Kg was seen in the Hadlock I, III and IV equations having an equal values (0.951) followed by Hadlock II (0.946), Sheppard (0.872) and lastly Campbell (−0.925) with significant high degree of negative correlation. The new established equation EFWFLHCAC is the best formula identified in our study to predict Su- danese babies weight ranged between 1.86 Kg to 3.987 Kg.
Brain Ultrasound Exposure Finding in Albino Rat Fetuses at Late Gestation Stage
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2018) Abdelrahman,Hussien Abdelrhman Hussien; Ali,Qurashi M; Gar-Elnabi,Mohamed E M; Adam,Asia Ismail; Abd-Alall,Alaa Ahmed Ibrahim
In spite of ultrasound important role in human imaging especially to obestrics examination, power of ultrasound increased exponential with development of equipment their boost dose to fetuses and raise the probability of biological damage. This experimental study is to evaluate the brain histopathology of albino rat fetuses after being exposed to ultrasound in utero at late gestation period of (17, 18, 19, 20, 21) day. Control against exposed groups is used in this study with fixed ultrasound exposure parameter for 40 minutes. Result from this study found that exposed group show multiple differentiation between two groups like disorganization of cortical and medulla, edema, hemorrhage and dis arrangement of white and grey matter of brain tissue. From
Characterization of Fibroid Masses Using Computed Tomography
(IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2019) Elkandri,Nuha Mohamed NourEldaim Mohamed; Ahmed,MahaEsmeal
The objective of this study is to characterize the Fibroid masses by using Computed Tomography .Study depend on practical scanning, of 100 patients of uterine fibroid from different area in Khartoum state, with different age, distributionthe data was collected of study found that the most common affectedrelated age was between (29-39) years old (44) Patients 44% .Most common related clinical finding was uterine bleeding. In terms of the location of fibroids in the uterus, the intramural fibroids had the greatest percentage (67%), the subserosalwas (16%) and the submucosal fibroids was (12%) Pedunculated and Interligamentous was very rare in Khartoum state which is that means the intramural fibroids are the most common type with a high incidence rate.
Characterization of Glomerulonephritis and Pyelonephritis using Ultrasonography
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2016) Garelnabi,MEM; Abdulallah,Ibtisam; Abdulla,Elsafi Ahmed; Adam,Mohamed; Hassan,Abdoelrahman
Ultrasound (US) is one modality used to assess renal infections, because it's a simple, Produces image in real time, less expensive, accurate method and well accepted by patient in comparison to other modality. This study aimed to determine the characterization of incidence of renal infections by US, in Khartoum, Wad Madani, Elmanagil hospitals and Elkramit family health center, in urology department. An analytical study on the sonographic pattern of renal infections in 234 person from January 2014 to May 2016. Ultrasound scanning has been carried out, using a curve linear probe with a frequency of 3.5 to 5MHz. this study reveals that female was mostly affected by glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis rather than male with male to female ratio of 1:1.6 and 1:2 respectively. Flank pain in 82.4% associated with glomerulonephritis while 75% of pyelonephritis showed ill-defined corticomedullary differentiation. In conclusion Ultrasonographic characteristics in addition to medical laboratory test can be used in a multiple linear regression equation to diagnose the patients affect by kidney infection with a classification accuracy of 96%.
Characterization of Infertility using Ultrasonography
(Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 2020) Zeinalabdeen,Manal Z. A; Gar-Elnabi,Mohamed E. M
The aim of this study to characterize the fertility in women using ultrasound through the uterine blood flow indices and uterus dimension. The sample consisted of 100 women; 50 of them were infertile and the other 50 were fertile women taken as control group. The result of this study showed that there is a significant difference between the fertile and infertile women in case of the uterus length and size, the uterus width and blood flow indices showed inconclusive result. The relationship of blood flow indices to uterine dimension showed a significant linear association between the uterus length and PI and PSV for the infertile women. While it shows similar relationship with the uterus length and area, and PI and PSV (multiple regression). These relationships were reverse in case of the fertile and infertile. For the infertile group there is an inverse linear relationship between the PI and uterus length and direct linear relationship between the PSV and uterus length. In case of fertile group there is a direct linear relationship between the PI and the uterus length (and uterus size) and inverse linear relationship between the PSV and uterus length and uterus size.
Characterization of Kidney Infection in Ultrasound B-mode Images Using Texture Analysis
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2016) Garelnabi,MEM; Abdulallah,Ibtisam; Bakry,A. H. A; Abdulla,Elsafi Ahmed; Adam,Mohamed
The general objective of this study was to develop an algorithm that can extracted textural features from ultrasound images of normal and abnormal kidneys in order to classify these images as having normal tissues, glomerulonephritis, or pyelonephritis. Linear discriminant analysis was used to classify the extracted features from the medulla and pelvic calycle system of kidneys ultrasound images. The results of the study showed that the overall accuracy using medulla texture equal to 98% while for those extracted from pelvic calycle system was 95.7. In conclusion linear function was developed to classify other ultrasound images with an error <5%.
CHARACTERIZATION OF KNEE JOINT CHANGES IN SUDANESE USING PLAIN X-RAY
(Medico Researh Chronicles, 2015) Mustafa,Badria Awad Elamin; Garelnabi,MEM; Mohamed,Sharaf Elgizouly; Yousef,Mohamed; Abdulrahim,Salah Mohamed; Osman,H
The aim of this study was to characterize knee joints changes in Sudanese population using plain x-ray, in order to comprehend the potential pathological changes that might appears in the plain x-ray film also to calculate bone size for artificial knee joint before surgery. A total of 257 symptomatic knee joints were enrolled in this study,106 showed no change in the x-ray film ‘normal’, (56 male and 50 female), 151 showed change of knee joint in the plain x-ray (55 males and 96 females).Their age range from18 to 78 years. In this study also study found that the mediolateral femur measurements for male is equal to 6.4 ±1.03 and 5.9± 0.7 for female and the mediolateral tibia measurements is equal to 6.8 ± 0.9 for male and 6.3 ± 0.6 for female. These differences were significant at p=0.05 using the t-test with t=2.62 for male and t=3.07 for female and p=0.04 and 0.02 respectively. The mediolateral femur and tibia measurement were significantly correlated with the height and circumference of the knee, as well these measurements were correlated significantly with the artificial femur and tibia size. Also this study found that the diagnosis = [(TL2X×0.86) + (FL1X×-0.29) + (TW3X×0.63) + (TL1X×0.38)] – 5.85. To identifies the normal for symptomatic cases where the result =1, the patient were normal otherwise patient were affected.
Characterization of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Gross Target Volume with 18F-FDG PET scan using Texture Analysis
(International Journal Dental and Medical Sciences Research (IJDMSR), 2020) Awadain,Sami Y. I; Alameen,Suhaib; Algorashi,Eman M; Gar-Elnabi,Mohamed E. M
This study concern to characterize the lung area to cardiac, lung, tumor and submucosal using Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and extract classification features from PET/CT with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose images. Using the GLCM techniques to find the gray level variation in PET/CT images it complements the features extracted from PET/CT images with variation of gray level in pixels and estimate the distribution of the sub-patterns using Interactive Data Language IDL software. The results show’s that the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix and features extracted give a classification accuracy of cardiac 91.6%, lung 100%, tumor 99.6%, while the sub-mucosal showed accuracy 91.2%. The overall classification accuracy of lung area 96.0%. These relationships are stored in a Texture Dictionary that can be later used to automatically annotate new PET/CT images with the appropriate lung area names.
Characterization of symptomatic Knee Joint in Sudanese
(Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 2014) Mustafa,Badria Awad Elamin Mustafa; Garelnabi,MEM; Mohamed,Sharaf Elgizouly; Abdulrahim,Salah Mohamed; Osman,H
Knee Joint is one of largest and complex joint in the human body. The aim of this study was to characterize symptomatic knee joints in Sudanese population by using height and circumference of knee joint to predict pathological changes that appear in the planner x-ray film in advance. A total of 257 symptomatic knee joints were measured. One hundred and six showed no change in the x-ray film ‘normal’, (56 male and 50 female), 151 of symptomatic patient’s showed change of knee joint in the plain x-ray ‘diseased’ (55 males and 96 females). Their age range between 18-65 years, bio-data such as height, weight, body mass index heights and circumferences of knees were recorded. In this study we found that there is a significant difference between the height and circumference of the knee for male and female, but there is inclusive differences regarding Rt and Lt knee in normal cases. While the circumference of the knee showed a significant difference between those with remarkable x-ray changes and the symptomatic one without obvious x-ray changes. In conclusion we can estimate the symptomatic patient without changes in X-ray from those with changes by using their age, body mass index and period of disease in a multi-regression equation to predict each groups where the index of possibility increase 0.009, 0.003 and 0.015 for age, period of disease and body mass index respectively; where index one indicate no change in x-ray and index two indicate presence of changes.
Clinical Presentation of Lumbosacral Spinal Canal Stenosis Among Sudanese Patients
(Global Journal of Orthopedics Research, 2019) Elhassan,Yasir A Mohamed; Ahmed,Anas O; Ali,Qurashi M; Handady,Siddig Omer M
Background: Spinal canal Stenosis is a disabling disease and a major health problem facing most of the population all over the world. Patients suffering from lumbar spinal stenosis develop pain, paresthesia’s, numbness, and weakness in the back and legs due to entrapment of the lumbosacral nerve roots in the constricted neural canal and foramina. Objective: To determine clinical presentation of lower spinal canal stenosis among Sudanese patients. Methods: It was retrospective -hospital based study comprises 101 patients (58 male and 42 female) of post-operative patients diagnosed as severe lumbosacral spinal canal stenosis and undergone de-compressive surgery at neurosurgery department of Alshaab Teaching Hospital and Ribat Teaching Hospital. Interviews using a tested questionnaire were used for data collection. Patients’ files were also studies to determine the type of operation done; the etiology of the disease, and MRI of the patients were reviewed. Examination of the weight and height were also done. Results: Hundred and one (101) patients were selected, the age distribution ranged from 15 to 80 years with a mean (standard deviation) age of 57.0±2.2 years and the most affected patients were more than 50 years 41 (40.6%). It was observed that 59 (58.4%) participants were male and 42 (41.6%) were female. Lower limb numbness and/or tingling were the most common symptoms, occurring in 93 (92.1%) of the patients, followed by lower back pain in 92(91.1%), weakness in 70(69.3%) and sphincteric loss observed in 20 (19.8%). Symptoms were bilateral in 58(57.4%), asymmetrical in 95 (94.1%) and in 65 (64.4%) of patients involved the entire leg. Conclusion: The present study highlighted the clinical presentation of spinal canal stenosis and showed that lower limb numbness and/or tingling were the most common symptom, followed by pain and weakness. Male patients were mainly affected and the age most affected by the spinal canal stenosis was more than 50 years.
Controlling Collimator Motion in Cobalt-60 Radiotherapy Machine by Converted Breathing Electrical Signal
(Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 2014) Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Hassen,Imad B; Husain,ELtaher M
The respiration (Inhalation and Expiration) as physiological mechanism causes the internal human organs displaced partially away from the field size boundary area during radiotherapy; as the collimator of radiotherapy machine is fixed, hence the aim of the following study was to convert the breathing physiological motion into electric signal and further to set the collimator in real dynamic synchronized with breathing mechanism. With usage of pressure sensor; the mechanical motion of abdomen due to breathing has been converted into analog electrical signal in a real time sinusoidal mode, then with usage of a microcontroller; the analog signal has been converted to digital discrete sequence signals form with (0-5) volts {1100,0110,0011,1001}and {1001, 0011, 0110, 1100}, then these signals connected to the stepper motor in sequence form; via the driver circuit (ULN2003A) which link and gives enough voltage (0-12) volts to turn the stepper motor in clock wise direction (CW), in respect to signal {1100,0110,0011,1001} or counter clock wise (CCW), in respect to signal {1001, 0011, 0110, 1100} which is corresponding to collimator motion of radiotherapy machine (Co-60) in synchronized pattern to abdominal motion induced by breathing mechanism.
Conversion of Abdominal Physiological Motion into Electrical Signal Using Pressure Sensor
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2012) omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Hassen,Imad B; Husain, ELtaher M; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E
The organs motion has been as a matter of challenge for radiation therapy experts; hence the aim of this study was to sense the abdominal motion during breathing and converted into electric signal in order to be mimic and synchronize the organ motion during radiotherapy. The integrated silicon pressure sensor MPX4250 has been constructed and the human breathing pressure has been probed by the sensor and converted into voltage: the generated voltage during inhalation increases from zero (0) volt up to about 5 volts as maximum and the correlation between breathing pressure and the generated volts shows the following equations: y = 0.02x + 0.26 (for inhalation) and: y = - 0.02x + 0.26 for (exhalation). The general breathing mechanism gives a saw tooth curve voltage that could be used to express a synchronized abdominal organs motion during radiotherapy.
CORRELATION BETWEEN SIZE OF LEFT LOBE OF THE LIVER AND BODY CHARACTERISTIC AMONG SUDANESE PATIENTS 2018-2019
(International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH, 2019) Esmeal,Maha Esmeal Ahmed; Khalid,Nagla Hussien Mohamed
Background: The liver is that the largest organ within the anatomy. the dimensions depends on many factors: age, sex, body size and shape, from all the specific examination technique utilized Ultrasonography of the liver is one of the most common routine investigations which assess the size, texture and pathological change. Objective: The aim of this study was to Study the correlation between size of left lobe of the liver and body characteristic in Sudanese patients sono-graphically. Method: The data used in this study was collected in a randomly selected population sample and identify factors that affect liver size in Khartoum hospitals, the data collected from august 2018 to august 2019. Result: 100 subjects (42 male-58 female) underwent sonographic examination of the liver in the mid clavicular line to determine liver span. The mean age of the sample was 36.8 (SD14.4), ranging from 20 to 87 years. The result of the study revealed that the mean of the liver span 15.02+_0.35, the mean of left lobe was 5.21+_0.39 and the mean of caudate lobe was 2.5+_0.07. The study also found that there is strong positive relation between body mass index and left lobe of the liver, but there was no such correlation between body mass index and liver span. Researchers recommended that a future study, continuous research in this subject is highly recommended.
Effects of Static Magnetic Field in Albino Rats Blood Electrolytes
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2014) Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Yousef, Mohamed
The effects of static magnetic field of 1.5 Tesla during exposure time of 0-3 hours have been characterized among four groups (E0, E1, E2 and E3) of Rat's tissues (brain, lungs, liver and pancreas) and blood electrolytes (Na+ , K+ and Ca+2). Before the exposure, the average levels for electrolytes were 116.81± 3.67, 5.16 ± 0.28 mmol/l and 10.23 ± 0.07 mg/dl respectively. Then a significant (R2 =98, P = 0.05) reduction in Na+ , Ca+2 have been noticed following the exposure time in a linear correlation observed and the reduction was 31.55% and 15.59% respectively, while the K+ increased following the exposure time in a linear form and the increment percent at 3 hours of exposure was 47.76%.