Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences
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Item Anti-bacterial potential of (Acacia nilotica, Trigonella foenum graecum, Punica granatum and Commiphora myrrha) crude extracts against diverse drug sensitive and resistant bacterial species(Plant Science Today, 2022) Osman, Meaad Fakhraldeen Abdalla; Abdalla, Sababil Salih; Abdelghani, Sara; Mangi, Altaf Ali; Eltayeb, Lienda BashierThe alarming increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics caused some authors to state that we are approaching a post-antibiotic era and medical catastrophe, the study aimed to assess the antimicrobial effects of selected plant extracts against several sensitive and resistant bacterial isolates. Ex perimental cross-sectional study was conducted, 70% ethanol crude Acac cia nilotica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Punica granatum and Commiphora myrrha extract was prepared and several commercial antimicrobials agent tested, the antibacterial activity was investigated using the disc diffusion method. The inhibition zones' diameters (mm) were calculated and inter preted by Zone Diameter Interpretative Standards. Data were analyzed by using (SPSS) software version 22. About 200% of A. nilotica and T. foenum graecum showed bactericidal effects against Enterococcus faecalis, means ±SD (12.3 ± 2.8 and 12.5 ± 2.1). The activity of 200% C. myrrha extract was highest against all diverse bacterial. Despite a relatively high inhibition zone among all plant ethanol extracts, the findings demonstrate that there is no statistical significance in the inhibitory activity impact of varying concentra tions of 70% ethanol extracts of all plants extract against bacterial isolates (P. value ≥ 0.05). The outcomes of the ethanol extracts of the used plant un der study demonstrated that the herbal extract can be a superior antimicro bial potential than the result of the commercial broad spectrum antimicro bial agent utilized. C. myrrha extract was potent antimicrobial activity against all diverse bacterial species.Item Evaluation of oxidative stress Parameters among Cataracts Patients in Khartoum state(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications, 2025) Babakr,Abdullatif Taha; Modawe,Gad Allah; Omer,Naglaa A; Elobeid,Alaa E; Hussein,Aya M; Ahmed, Shaza M; Mahdi,Mahammed A; Wagea Alla,Dalia I; Dafalla,Abuagla MBackground: Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various types of diseases includingCataracts, a common eye condition characterized by the clouding of the lens, leading to decreased vision. Objective: The aim of the present study is to compare the plasma levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx),and Glutathione reductase (GRx) activities in Cataracts patients and controls in Khartoum state. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in hospitals across Khartoum state, from January to April 2023. The study included a total of 100 participants, categorized into 50 Cataracts patients as the case group and 50 healthy subjects as the control group. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and blood sample analyzed. Plasma antioxidant parameters were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods. Data analysis were performed using SPSS version 27. Results: The levels of plasma MDA, CAT, and SOD enzymes were found to be significantly increased in the case group compared to controls.However, the TAC, GPx, and GRx enzyme levels did not show significant differences between cases and controls. There was no correlation found between the study parameters and the age and duration of disease in patients. Conclusion: Cataracts could be linked to elevated levels of MDA, an indicator of oxidative stress. Additionally, in patients with Cataracts, the enzymes CAT and SOD might increase as a compensatory response to oxidative stress.Item The value of PAP and AgNOR techniques in identification of bacterial infections and cytomorphological changes in buccal cavity of Sudanese hookah users(Microbes and Infectious Diseases, 2022) Idris, Alkhair Abd Almahmoud; Altom, Einas Motwafig; Elsheikh, Mohammed AbdelgaderBackground: Oral cancer is considered as a major health problem in most part of the world. Many factors have been identified as important causative agents responsible for the development of oral cancerous and precancerous lesions. In Sudan, smoking of tobacco has been identified as major cause. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the value of PAP (Papanicolaou stain) and Silver stained Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNOR) techniques in identification of bacterial infections and changes in cells of buccal cavity among Sudanese hookah users. Methods: In the current study hundred apparently healthy people were included, Pap and AgNORs stains was used for the staining of buccal smears. Results: A total of hundred samples of buccal smears were included in this study. The age of participant ranged from 20 - 70 years. Thirty three samples (33%) had bacterial infection, one sample (1%) had Actinomyces infection, and 66 samples (66%) showed normal cells. Twelve samples (12%) had acute inflammation, 30 samples (30%) had chronic inflammation, and 58 samples showed normal cells. Samples stained with Pap stain, seven smears (7%) had inflammatory changes and 93 samples (93%) were negative. p value, and standard deviation, mean AgNORs showed 1.920_+4.50 in cases and 0.682_+1.420 in control. Conclusions: Analysis of AgNORs and Pap stain suggest that, use of hookah influences prolifrative activity in cells and also play a role in transmission of different types of microorganisms due to smoking it in the form of groups.Item Cyclin D1expressionamongcolorectalcancerpatients(Asian Journal of Health Sciences, 2022) Salih, Hanaa Ibrahim; Elsheikh, Mohammed Abdelgader; Idris, Alkhair Abd AlmahmoudBackground: Cyclin D1 plays a vital role in cancer cell cycle progression and it is overexpressed in manyhumancancers,includingcolorectalcancer. ThisstudyaimedtodetectcyclinD1incolorectal cancer patients and to correlate cyclin D1 expression with different pathological changes in the colorectum. Methods: Tissue microarray paraffin blocks with 48 colorectal cancer samples were retrieved from the archives of Elrahma Medical Center. Cyclin D1 was analyzed. Results: Cyclin D1 did not correlate with pathological alterations or with a particular tumor grade. Conclusion: The results indicate that cyclin D1 does not correlate with pathological alterations in colorectal cancerItem Detection of Nonsynonymous Single Variants in Human HLA-DRB1Exon2Associated with Renal Transplant Rejection(Medicina, 2023) Hassan, Mohamed M.; Hussain, Mohamed A.; Ali, Sababil S.; Mahdi, Mohammed A.; Mohamed, Nouh Saad; AbdElbagi, Hanadi; Mohamed, Osama; Sherif, Asmaa E.; Osman, Wadah; Ibrahim, Sabrin R. M.; Ghazawi, Kholoud F.; Miski, Samar F.; Mohamed, Gamal A.; Ashour, AhmedBackground: HLA-DRB1 is the most polymorphic gene in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II, and exon 2 is critical because it encodes antigen-binding sites. This study aimed to detect functional or marker genetic variants of HLA-DRB1 exon 2 in renal transplant recipients (acceptance and rejection) using Sanger sequencing. Methods: This hospital-based case-control study collected samples from two hospitals over seven months. The 60 participants were equally divided into three groups: rejection, acceptance, and control. The target regions were amplified and sequenced by PCRandSanger sequencing. Several bioinformatics tools have been used to assess the impact of non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants (nsSNVs) on protein function and structure. The sequences data that support the findings of this study with accession numbers (OQ747803-OQ747862) are available in National Center for Biotechnology Information (GenBank database). Results: Seven SNVs were identified, two of which were novel (chr6(GRCh38.p12): 32584356C>A (K41N) and 32584113C>A (R122R)). Three of the seven SNVs were non-synonymous and found in the rejection group (chr6(GRCh38.p12): 32584356C>A (K41N), 32584304A>G (Y59H), and 32584152T>A (R109S)). The nsSNVs had varying effects on protein function, structure, and physicochemical parameters and could play a role in renal transplant rejection. The chr6(GRCh38.p12):32584152T>A variant showed the greatest impact. This is because of its conserved nature, main domain location, and pathogenic effects on protein structure, function, and stability. Finally, no significant markers were identified in the acceptance samples. Conclusion: Pathogenic variants can affect intramolecular/intermolecular interactions of amino acid residues, protein function/structure, and disease risk. HLA typing based on functional SNVs could be a comprehensive, accurate, and low-cost method for covering all HLA genes while shedding light on previously unknown causes in many graft rejection cases.Item Current Status and Future Perspectives of Antibiotic Therapy for MRSA Infections(Preprints, 2023) Hajhamed, Nooh Mohamed; Abdalla, Abualgasim Elgaili; Mohammed, Salahdeen Ismail; Ahmed, Abdallah Elssir; Bakheit, Abdullah M.; Abdelbagi, Abubakar; Ali, Mohamed Sir Elkhatim; Omer, Rihab Ali; Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar; Ahmed, Ayman; Mohamed, Nouh SaadStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), particularly Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a life threatening pathogen that causes a variety of infections in hospital and community settings. It poses a significant risk and challenge for global health that hinders our ability to control and treat bacterial infections. Recently, the emergence and spread of variant strains of bacteria, misuse of the limited available options of effective antibiotics, spread of fake drugs, and climate change that increased the contact between humans and animals’ populations carrying different bacterial has significantly increased the incidence of Multi-Drug Resistance strains (MDR). This in turn, has created a severe problem in the infection control treatment of S. aureus infected patients. Treatment options for MRSA infection are increasingly limited and complicated. Unfortunately, different strains of MRSA are showing tolerance and resistance toward vancomycin, which is the standard of care for complicated MRSA. Therefore, it is crucial now to invest developing new effective antibiotics and synergies, develop and implement national action plans for the management of antibiotic resistance, as well as improving our understanding of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Here, in this review we explain the main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in MRSA and describes different approaches to manipulate it in MRSA, providing a basis for designing effective drugs, and shedding some light on the evolution of S. aureus.Item In Silico Analysis: HLA-DRB1 Gene’s Variants and Their Clinical Impact(Cell Transplantation, 2023) Hassan, Mohamed M.; Hussain, Mohamed A.; Ali, Sababil S.; Mahdi, Mohammed A.The HLA-DRB1 gene encodes a protein that is essential for the immune system. This gene is important in organ transplant rejection and acceptance, as well as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Addison’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, caries susceptibility, and Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. The following Homo sapiens variants were investigated: single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), multi-nucleotide variants (MNVs), and small insertions–deletions (Indels) in the HLA-DRB1 gene via coding and untranslated regions. The current study sought to identify functional variants that could affect gene expression and protein product function/structure. ALL target variants available until April 14, 2022, were obtained from the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism database (dbSNP). Out of all the variants in the coding region, 91 nsSNVs were considered highly deleterious by seven prediction tools and instability index; 25 of them are evolutionary conserved and located in domain regions. Furthermore, 31 indels were predicted as harmful, potentially affecting a few amino acids or even the entire protein. Last, within the coding sequence (CDS), 23 stop-gain variants (SNVs/indels) were predicted as high impact. High impact refers to the assumption that the variant will have a significant (disruptive) effect on the protein, likely leading to protein truncation or loss of function. For untranslated regions, functional 55 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and 16 indels located within microRNA binding sites, furthermore, 10 functionally verified SNPs were predicted at transcription factor-binding sites. The findings demonstrate that employing in silico methods in biomedical research is extremely successful and has a major influence on the capacity to identify the source of genetic variation in diverse disorders. In conclusion, these previously functional identified variants could lead to gene alteration, which may directly or indirectly contribute to the occurrence of many diseases. The study’s results could be an important guide in the research of potential diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that require experimental mutational validation and large-scale clinical trials.Item The Association of HLA-DRB1/DQB1 Genes with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among Sudanese Children and Adolescents(Al-Kindy College Medical Journal, 2023) Hussein,Hiba Omer AbdelRhman; Abdalla,Sababi Salih; Salih,Sakeena NourEldine; Abdrabo,AbdElkarim Abobaker; Mahdi,Mohamed AbdelgadirObjective: This study was conducted to identify the association of HLA-DRB1/DQB1 genes with the susceptibility or resistance to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) among patients between the ages of five and eighteen. Subjects and Methods: The study included 200 Sudanese participants, ages ranging from 5 to 18. One hundred participants were healthy non-diabetic as the control group and 100 with T1D as the case group. The investigation was carried out in Khartoum state. The selection of patients with T1D was from diabetic centers and hospitals. The allele-specific-refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) technique was applied to identify the HLA gene polymorphism. Results: There was a significant difference in genotype frequency across the groups in the current investigation (Kruskal-Wallis, p-value= 0.021). Whereas CG was not substantially different across groups (Chi-square, p-value=0.116), the CC genotype was considerably greater (46.0%) in patients (Chi-square Adjusted p-value0.001). Conclusion: This study found that patients' genotypes and allele frequencies are significantly correlated when compared to those of healthy participants.Item Association of expression C/C .G/G, C/G Genotypes with Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in Sudanese children with type 1 Diabetes(Sud Med Lab J, 2023) Hussein,Hiba Omer Abdelrahman; Abdalla,Sababil Salih; Salih,Sakeena NourEldine; Alkhidir,Abdulazeem Abdulsalam Ibrahim; Mahdi,Mohamed AbdelgadirBackground: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common complex metabolic disease characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing B cells of the pancreatic islets. Due to a drastic loss of B cells, resulting in no to lowinsulin production,. Genetic factors play a significant role in the aetiology of T1D, However, the main causes of morbidity and mortality today are the complications that arise from even mild hyperglycaemia in T1D cases. Glycemic control is often measured using an assay called haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), that provides an estimate of average blood glucose in individuals over a 3month period. Aim of the study to correlate between the frequencies of C/C,G/G and C/G genotypes and HBA1C levels in T1D patients. Objective: To evaluate the significant correlation between frequencies of genotypes and HBA1C levels. Methods: A total of 100 Sudanese subjects with T1D were enrolled in this study, on the average age between 5 to 18 years. The study was conducted in diabetes central hospitals in Khartoum state. In order to determine the HLA gene polymorphism, the allele-specific-refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) method was utilized. Results: There were no significant correlation (r= 0.074, P-value = 0.497) between frequencies of genotypes and HBA1C levels. Conclusion: This study identified that there’s no significant correlation between frequencies of genotypes and HBA1C levels.Item Assessment of Complete Blood Count and D-dimer among Patients with Plasmodium falciparum Malaria(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021) Hassan,Mohammed Abdulhafeez; Ahmad ,Albara; Waggiallah,Hisham AliBackground: The most virulent of the human malaria parasites is P. falciparum which is responsible for the bulk of the malaria-related morbidity and mortality. Changes in blood cell parameters are already a well-known feature of malarial infections Aim: The purpose of this research was to assess the total blood count and D-dimer levels in patients with P. falciparum malaria in Khartoum State, Sudan. Study Design: It is case- control study was conducted on blood cells prameters and plasma D- dimer for patients infected with Plasmdium falciparum malaria Place and Duration of Study: study was carried out in Yastabshiroon hospital, Khartoum state, from October 2020 to January 2021. Methodology: The study comprised fifty people who tested positive for P. falciparum using the National Public Health Laboratory's malaria diagnostic standard. The control group consisted of fifty healthy Khartoum locals with about equal gender and age distribution. To collect data from the study group's personal and medical information, such as name, gender, age, and medical condition, a structured questionnaire was developed. Result: D-dimer levels were considerably greater in P. falciparum malaria cases compared to non- falciparum malaria cases, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were significantly lower, although white blood cells (WBCs) count was significantly lower in P. falciparum infection patients compared to non-falciparum (p≤0.05). Hemoglobin concentration and platelet count were similarly significantly lower (p≤0.05). Platelet counts and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), on the other hand, were significantly lower in individuals with severe parasitemia compared to those with low and moderate parasitemia. Conclusion: The study concluded that P. falciparum infection causes considerable hematological alterations. The results of the current investigation revealed a significant increase in the D-dimer mean level, as well as a significant decrease in the count of hemoglobin, total white blood cells (TWBCs), lymphocytes, neutrophils, and platelets. It was also discovered that patients with high parasitemia had considerably lower platelet counts and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) levels than those with low and moderate parasitemia.