Research Papers

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    Anti-bacterial potential of (Acacia nilotica, Trigonella foenum graecum, Punica granatum and Commiphora myrrha) crude extracts against diverse drug sensitive and resistant bacterial species
    (Plant Science Today, 2022) Osman, Meaad Fakhraldeen Abdalla; Abdalla, Sababil Salih; Abdelghani, Sara; Mangi, Altaf Ali; Eltayeb, Lienda Bashier
    The alarming increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics caused some authors to state that we are approaching a post-antibiotic era and medical catastrophe, the study aimed to assess the antimicrobial effects of selected plant extracts against several sensitive and resistant bacterial isolates. Ex perimental cross-sectional study was conducted, 70% ethanol crude Acac cia nilotica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Punica granatum and Commiphora myrrha extract was prepared and several commercial antimicrobials agent tested, the antibacterial activity was investigated using the disc diffusion method. The inhibition zones' diameters (mm) were calculated and inter preted by Zone Diameter Interpretative Standards. Data were analyzed by using (SPSS) software version 22. About 200% of A. nilotica and T. foenum graecum showed bactericidal effects against Enterococcus faecalis, means ±SD (12.3 ± 2.8 and 12.5 ± 2.1). The activity of 200% C. myrrha extract was highest against all diverse bacterial. Despite a relatively high inhibition zone among all plant ethanol extracts, the findings demonstrate that there is no statistical significance in the inhibitory activity impact of varying concentra tions of 70% ethanol extracts of all plants extract against bacterial isolates (P. value ≥ 0.05). The outcomes of the ethanol extracts of the used plant un der study demonstrated that the herbal extract can be a superior antimicro bial potential than the result of the commercial broad spectrum antimicro bial agent utilized. C. myrrha extract was potent antimicrobial activity against all diverse bacterial species.
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    IMPACT OF ANALYTICAL ERROR IN AN ESTIMATION OF LIVER ENZYMES
    (European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018) Suliman,Rowa; Modawe,Gad Allah; Akasha,Rihab; Mahdi,Mohammed A
    Backgrounds: Laboratory professionals should produce accurate, sensitive and specific information using new age technologies to guide clinical decision making. It is the role of laboratory professionals to inform physicians about which tests have the highest effectiveness in given clinical conditions. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the analytical errors of liver enzymes, and also the AST, ALT and ALP levels are a valuable aid primarily in the diagnosis of liver disease. Methodology: cross sectioned study was conducted during the period of the November to April 2013, to measure the accuracy and precision of laboratories by estimation of AST, ALT and ALP in normal and pathological control sera in 10 clinical laboratories in Khartoum state, Sudan. The percentage were used to assess the laboratories quality management requirement of each selected laboratories. Results: The study showed that10% of total laboratories give excellent level for normal and pathological control materials of AST, ALT and ALP while 60% of total laboratory gives poor level for normal and 50% for pathological for AST, 70% of total laboratory gives poor level for normal and 60% for pathological for ALT and 90% of total laboratory gives poor level for normal and70%for pathological for ALP. Conclusions: In spite of all these laboratory have Implementation of quality control procedures, Documentation and interpretation of control material results, and the instrument used to estimate liver enzymes is automated machine and calibration was done daily by senior staff, there is a variation between AST, ALT and ALP analytical results among the normal and pathological level due to technical problems such as inappropriate sample handling, failure to calibrate pipettes. Based on this result we conclude that the absence of total quality management especially the adopted quality requirement for clinical chemistry laboratories lead to gap of implementation and weak laboratory performance.
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    ESTIMATION OF SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3), THYROXIN (T4) AND THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) IN CIGARETTE SMOKERS IN KHARTOUM STATE
    (International Journal of Current Multidisciplinary Studies, 2018) Hamdan,Malak M.Bakhit; Adam,Jasim M; Sulliman,Mawaheb Abdullah; Haider,Harith; Mohamed,Ahmed; Abdallah,RehamIzzaldeen; Maaz,Rana; Mohamed,Mazin S. A; Abdelgader,Mohamed
    Background: Cigarette smoking has a number of effects on the thyroid gland including the development of Graves’ disease and thyroid multi-nodularity. However, the effect of smoking on thyroid function is more uncertain. This study aimed to estimate the levels of thyroid hormones in cigarette smokers Materials and Methods: This study was designed as acase-controlon80 participants,40 of who were smokers as case and 40 were non-smokers as control in Khartoum State (2016- 2017). Serum T3, T4 and TSH were measured by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) (URIT-660 micro-plate reader made in China serial number 66001674 E) Results:Were expressed as: (Mean +SD) and sig-2 tailed Pearson: Serum T3 level in smokers was (.063 ng/ml+ 0.18); in non-smokers was (1.48ng/ml + 0.26) and a p value of 0.0000001; T4 level in smokers was (2.75μg/dl + 0.67); in non-smokers was (5.79μg/dl +0.60) and a p value of 0.000000, and TSH level in smokers was (0.62 μIU/ml + 0.38); in non-smokers was (0.38μIU/ml +0.08) and p value of 0.009. Conclusion: Serum T3 and T4 levels in Sudanese smokers was decreased when compared to the levels in non-smokers. WhereasTSH levels were similar
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    Evaluation between estimated and calculated plasma low density lipoproteins
    (Advanced Research Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2014) Mahdi,Mohammed A; Modawe,GadAllah; Amanullah,Mohammed; Zaman,Gaffar Sarwar; Abd Elrouf,Mohamed Babiker
    Increased LDL level is one of the major causes of heart disease including arteriosclerosis. Hence an accurate and timely measure of LDL can prevent the incidence of cardiac disorders. In the present study we compared the results between directly measured plasma LDL and calculated LDL. The LDL level was measured by colorimetric method and the calculation was done using friedwald’s equation in hyperlipidemic patients and healthy populations. We aimed to measure the accuracy of colorimetric method and fridwald’s equation in the estimation of plasma LDL in hyperlipidemic patients and healthy populations and assess if there is correlation between cholesterol level and LDL level thereby prevent false diagnosis due to false or inaccurate results . 2.5ml of blood was taken in lithium heparin container from 50 hyperlipidemic and normal populations, then centrifuged at 4000r.p.m for 3mins, the plasma was separated. Estimation of cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL was done using the routine reagents. Control sera (normal and pathologic) were used for every patch, after incubation the reaction color was read in a colorimeter (JENWAY 6051), beer, s and lambert, s law was used to measure the concentrations of the samples. Then for the same samples the Fridwald’s equation was used to calculate the LDL level. Mean value of 139.5 mg/dl, and a standard deviation of 37.44 was found for the hyperlipidemic patient’s LDL level by direct measurement and a mean of 136.5 mg/dl, and a standard deviation of 43.90 was found by using the Fridwald’s equation. The p value was found equal to 0.624, which is statistically insignificant. Also a mean of 73.6 mg/dl, and a standard deviation of 17.65 was found for the normal subjects LDL level by direct measure, and a mean of 71.2 mg/dl and a standard deviation of 22.50 was found by using the equation. The p value was found equal to 0.60 which is statistically insignificant. A moderate correlation of 0.48 was found between patient’s cholesterol and LDL levels. Also a moderate correlation of 0.49 was found between normal subject’s cholesterol and LDL level. We conclude that both Fridewald’s equation and direct colorimetric method can be used for routine LDL levels because it gives acceptable results. Moreover there is a correlation between cholesterol level and LDL level.
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    ASSESSMENT OF FREE PROSTATIC SPECIFIC ANTIGEN/TOTAL PROSTATIC SPECIFIC ANTIGEN RATIO, LIPOPROTEINS, ESTRADIOL AND C – REACTIVE PROTEIN IN PROSTATIC TUMORS
    (WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 2018) Mahdi,Mohammed A; Akasha,Rihab; Modawe,Gad Allah; Sharfy,Abd Alrauf; Khattab,Abd ElHafiz H
    Background: Prostate tumors, especially prostate cancer have severe complications such as spreading to neighboring organs. Objectives: This study was performed to compare between levels of free prostatic specific antigen (fPSA)/ total prostatic specific antigen (tPSA) ratio, lipoproteins, estradiol and C-reactive protein with prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia patients. Materials & Methods: This study was designed as prospective case control and it was done in Soba University hospital and Khartoum Teaching hospital in Khartoum state. It was performed on 200 men (50–65 years old); 100 healthy individuals as controls and 100 patients; 50 patients with prostate cancer and 50 with benign prostate hyperplasia who were diagnosed by biopsy and histopathology. Results: There was significant increase in the mean value of total PSA in PCa patients and BPH more than controls with (P-value 0.003). Free PSA also showed significant increase in PCa patients and BPH more than controls with (P-value 0.040). The ratio of free to total PSA was decreased in PCa patients (7 %), but increased in BPH (34 %) and in control (67 %) with P-value (0.000). The mean value of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, n LDL and HDL were significantly low in PCa than BPH and control with (P-value 0.035, 0.000, 0.015 and 0.002) respectively. The mean of serum Estradiol level and CRP was increase in PCa than BPH and control with (P- value 0.025 and 0.000) respectively. Conclusion: Serum fPSA/tPSA ratio was less than 25% in patients with PCa. Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL were low in concentration in PCa patients than in those with BPH patients and control. Serum Estradiol levels increases in PCa patients more than in BPH patients and control. Serum CRP concentration was higher in PCa patients than in those with BPH and control.
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    MEASUREMENT OF PLASMA TOTAL PROTEIN, ALBUMIN AND UREA IN HEALTHY SUDANESE PREGNANT WOMEN
    (World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2018) Mahdi,M. A; Elgzoly,Elhady Ahmed Elhady; Ibrahim,Alaldin A; Osman,Hassan. S; Mohamed,Rihab Akasha
    Background: Pregnancy is characterized by extensive maternal physiological adjustments involving a variety of metabolic processes. These characteristic changes are often reflecting in the results of laboratory tests, such that value in healthy pregnant women may fall outside the normal ranges of non-pregnant women. This study aimed to assess the concentration of serum total protein, albumin and blood urea among Sudanese pregnant women during the three trimesters and to compare them with non-pregnant women’s. Methods: Case control study conducted during the period from January to March 2014 to compare serum levels of total protein, albumin and urea of 80 pregnant women (18 at 1st trimester, 23 at 2nd trimester and 39 at 3rd trimester) with 20 healthy non pregnant women. Results: Means of serum levels of total protein in the 1st trimester showed no significance comparing to control group, while serum albumin and urea levels significantly decreased. In second and the third trimesters all total protein, albumin and urea were significantly decreased compared to control group. Conclusion: Total protein, serum albumin and blood urea were altered during the pregnancy period compared to non-pregnant women but not to the levels of abnormality.
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    Measurement of Lipid Profiles in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction in Different Anti-Coagulants
    (International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2014) Maaz,Rana; Dafalla,Mustafa; Khogali,Tawfig; Mahdi,Mohammed A; Modawe,Gad Allah
    Background: Myocardial infraction is the death of heart muscle from the sudden blockage of coronary arterial vessel by a blood clot. Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure plasma/serum lipid concentrations in patients with Acute Myocardial Infraction (AMI) within one week of onset of symptoms of AMI in different anti- coagulates. Methodology: This study was case-control study, match age and sex, carried out in Alshab Teaching Hospital at Khartoum State in period from March to August 2007. Blood samples were collected in all subject study (patients and controls) and estimated the lipids in serum and plasma by colorimetric methods. Results: The (mean ±SD) serum/plasma cholesterol in patients were (162.43±33.78, 161.33±44.37, 161.10±46.94) and also in control subject were (161.43±42.08, 162.80±38.29, 167.70±4.43) respectively. The (mean ±SD) of serum/plasma triacylglycerol in patients and control were respectively (105.30±52.53, 11.70±49.61, 113.70±55.80) in controls were (112.70±57.17, 110.83±54.17, 105.93±42.25). The (mean ±SD) in serum/plasma high density lipoprotein in patients were (41.93±15.95, 38.10±13.65, 36.83±13.31) in control were (112.70±20.95, 110.83±19.63, 105.93±17.09). The (mean ±SD) in patients of low obesity lipoproteins were (99.73±43.27, 100.57±51.58, 102.63±51.25) and also control were (85.10±38.167, 92.93±22, 102.93±47.95) comparison between WHO recommended anti-coagulant (EDTD, Lithium heparin) LDL levels showed a significant difference (P=0.039) in plasma for lithium heparin as anti-coagulant, but HDL showed statistical difference (P=0.0) in both serum and plasma with EDTA. Conclusion: From this study it could be concluded that it might be better to use serum in the measurement of lipid profile than use anti-coagulant (EDTA and lithium heparin).
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    Albumin: Creatinine Ratio during long term Diabetes Mellitus in the Assessment of early Nephropathy in Sudanese Population
    (Sudan JMS, 2014) Almozmil,M; Mahdi,MA; Modawe,G2; Amanullah,M; Zaman,GS; Babiker,AM
    Background: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major causes of chronic renal failure. Microalbuminuria (MAU) has been recognized as an independent and reliable predictor for future development of overt proteinuria in diabetic patients. Objectives: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried during the period of January-April 2012, in Omdurman Teaching Hospital, to determine Microalbuminuria creatinine ratio, in long term Diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Immunoturbidmetric method was used to asses’ microalbuminuria in 50 cases (50%) and 50 controls (50%). Ordinary chemical method (Jaffe reaction) was used for the determination of creatinine for both the groups. Results: Microalbuminuria in Diabetic patients showed an increase when compared with the control group with P value 0.000. Similarly creatinine also showed an increase in diabetic patients. Conclusion: It was concluded and is in further affirmation of the previous studies that microalbuminuria should be used as an early indicator for Diabetic Nephropathy. Further studies with 24 hour urine sample are recommended for assessment of Microalbuminuria in long term Diabetic patients, provided that the patients are on a normal diet with regular treatment for diabetes.
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    Evaluation of Serum Uric Acid and C- Reactive Proteins in Sudanese with Hypertension in Khartoum State
    (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING TRENDS, 2017) Abd Elkareem,Yassir Amir M; Mohamed,Rihab Akasha; Mahdi,M. A
    Abstract—Uric acid is commonly associated with hypertension; recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that uric acid could have a contributory role in the pathogenesis of elevated blood pressure. Individuals at risk for developing hypertension and cardiovascular disease, frequently have evidence for a systemic inflammatory response, often marked by elevations of C- reactive protein (CRP) in their blood. Elevated levels of CRP have emerged as one of the most important predictors of myocardial infarction, stroke, and vascular death, with prognostic value exceeding that of LDL cholesterol. Aim: To evaluate, serum uric acid and CRP levels in Sudanese hypertensive patients in Khartoum state. Material and methods: 100 subjects in the age group of 25- 60 years, divided into two groups of hypertensive and control healthy normotensive group. (54) Patients suffering from hypertension and (46) ages matched non hypertension subjects, who were volunteered to be included in the study. Blood samples were collected in plain container for estimation of Serum C-RP and uric acid levels, Serum CRP levels were detected (qualitatively) using latex agglutination method (Spinreact Kit; 2016). Uric acid was estimated by quantitative commercial kit method (on Autoanalyzer Mindray. BS200). Venous blood sample was drawn from all subjects, allowed to clot at room temperature for 1–3 hours and serum was separated by centrifugation for 15 min at 3000 r. p. m. Data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). Result: The patients of hypertension under study comprised of 51.9% males and 48.1% females while the control comprised of 52.2% males and 47.8% females, the age range between 25 years to 60 years. Uric acid levels were high in 66.7 % of patients and normal in 33.3 % of patients. However uric acid levels observed within normal range in all normotensive subjects (control). CRP in 63 % of patients was positive while 37 % were negative and all control was negative. There was strong significant positive correlation between uric acid and CRP with P- value 0.000. Conclusion: Serum uric acid levels were found higher in hypertensive patients than in healthy individuals. Serum CRP in hypertensive patients shows higher percentage than in healthy individuals.
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    Evaluation of oxidative stress Parameters among Cataracts Patients in Khartoum state
    (International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications, 2025) Babakr,Abdullatif Taha; Modawe,Gad Allah; Omer,Naglaa A; Elobeid,Alaa E; Hussein,Aya M; Ahmed, Shaza M; Mahdi,Mahammed A; Wagea Alla,Dalia I; Dafalla,Abuagla M
    Background: Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various types of diseases includingCataracts, a common eye condition characterized by the clouding of the lens, leading to decreased vision. Objective: The aim of the present study is to compare the plasma levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx),and Glutathione reductase (GRx) activities in Cataracts patients and controls in Khartoum state. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in hospitals across Khartoum state, from January to April 2023. The study included a total of 100 participants, categorized into 50 Cataracts patients as the case group and 50 healthy subjects as the control group. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and blood sample analyzed. Plasma antioxidant parameters were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods. Data analysis were performed using SPSS version 27. Results: The levels of plasma MDA, CAT, and SOD enzymes were found to be significantly increased in the case group compared to controls.However, the TAC, GPx, and GRx enzyme levels did not show significant differences between cases and controls. There was no correlation found between the study parameters and the age and duration of disease in patients. Conclusion: Cataracts could be linked to elevated levels of MDA, an indicator of oxidative stress. Additionally, in patients with Cataracts, the enzymes CAT and SOD might increase as a compensatory response to oxidative stress.

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