National University - Sudan (NUSU)
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Item NLRP3 Inflammasome in Autoinflammatory Diseases and Periodontitis Advance in the Management(Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 2024) Hashim, Nada; Babiker, Rasha; Mohammed, Riham; Rehman, Mohammed Mustahsen; Chaitanya, Nallan CSK; Gobara, Bakrict Inflammatory chemicals are released by the immune system in response to any perceived danger, including irritants and pathogenic organisms. The caspase activation and the response of inflammation are governed by inflammasomes, which are sensors and transmitters of the innate immune system. They have always been linked to swelling and pain. Research has mainly concentrated on the NOD‑like protein transmitter 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Interleukin (IL)‑1 and IL‑18 are pro‑inflammatory cytokines that are activated by the NOD‑like antibody protein receptor 3 (NLRP3), which controls innate immune responses. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been associated with gum disease and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases in several studies. Scientists’ discovery of IL‑1’s central role in the pathophysiology of numerous autoimmune disorders has increased public awareness of these conditions. The first disease to be connected with aberrant inflammasome activation was the autoinflammatory cryopyrin‑associated periodic syndrome (CAPS). Targeted therapeutics against IL‑1 have been delayed in development because their underlying reasons are poorly understood. The NLRP3 inflammasome has recently been related to higher production and activation in periodontitis. Multiple periodontal cell types are controlled by the NLRP3 inflammasome. To promote osteoclast genesis, the NLRP3 inflammasome either increases receptor‑activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL) synthesis or decreases osteoclast‑promoting gene (OPG) levels. By boosting cytokines that promote inflammation in the periodontal ligament fibroblasts and triggering apoptosis in osteoblasts, the NLRP3 inflammasome regulates immune cell activity. These findings support further investigation into the NLRP3 inflammasome as a therapeutic target for the medical treatment of periodontitis. This article provides a short overview of the NLRP3 inflammatory proteins and discusses their role in the onset of autoinflammatory disorders (AIDs) and periodontitis.Item Possible role of inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases(Preprints, 2023) Hashim, Nada; Babiker, Rasha; Mohammed, Riham; Gismalla, Bakri; Rehman, Mohammed MustahsenDr. Jurg Tschopp created the word "inflammasome" in 2002. Inflammasome activation and its function in disease processes have been the subject of significant investigation over the last 15 years. Four important inflammasomes have been identified: NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2. When these inflammasomes are activated, they process and secrete inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1b and IL-18, as well as cause pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death. In this review, we will look at how these inflammasomes have been connected to Periodontitis pathogenesis.Item Highlighting the Effect of Pro‑inflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Diseases and Alzheimer’s Disease(Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 2024) Hashim, Nada; Babiker, Rasha; Mohammed, Riham; Chaitanya, Nallan CSK; Rahman, Muhammed M.; Gismalla, BakriAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological condition that is much more common as people get older. It may start out early or late. Increased levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation, both of which contribute to the central nervous system’s inflammatory state, are characteristics of AD. As opposed to this, periodontitis is a widespread oral infection brought on by Gram‑negative anaerobic bacteria. By releasing pro‑inflammatory cytokines into the systemic circulation, periodontitis can be classified as a “low‑grade systemic disease.” Periodontitis and AD are linked by inflammation, which is recognized to play a crucial part in both the disease processes. The current review sought to highlight the effects of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, which are released during periodontal and Alzheimer’s diseases in the pathophysiology of both conditions. It also addresses the puzzling relationship between AD and periodontitis, highlighting the etiology and potential ramifications.Item Microbial Dynamics in Periodontal Regeneration: Understanding Microbiome Shifts and the Role of Antifouling and Bactericidal Materials: A Narrative Review(Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 2024) Hashim, Nada Tawfig; Babiker, Rasha; Priya, Sivan Padma; Mohammed, Riham; Chaitanya, Nallan CSK; Padmanabhan, Vivek; El Bahra, Shadi; Rahman, Muhammed Mustahsen; Gismalla, Bakri GobaraPeriodontal regeneration is a multifaceted therapeutic approach to restore the tooth supporting structures lost due to periodontal diseases. This manuscript explores the intricate inter actions between regenerative therapies and the oral microbiome, emphasizing the critical role of microbial balance in achieving long-term success. While guided tissue regeneration (GTR), bone grafting, and soft tissue grafting offer promising outcomes in terms of tissue regeneration, these procedures can inadvertently alter the oral microbial ecosystem, potentially leading to dysbiosis or pathogenic recolonization. Different grafting materials, including autografts, allografts, xenografts, and alloplasts, influence microbial shifts, with variations in the healing timeline and microbial stabi lization. Biologics and antimicrobials, such as enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) and sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD), play a key role in promoting microbial homeostasis by supporting tissue repair and reducing pathogenic bacteria. Emerging strategies, such as enzyme-based therapies and antifouling materials, aim to disrupt biofilm formation and enhance the effectiveness of periodontal treatments. Understanding these microbial dynamics is essential for optimizing regenerative ther apies and improving patient outcomes. The future of periodontal therapy lies in the development of advanced materials and strategies that not only restore lost tissues but also stabilize the oral microbiome, ultimately leading to long-term periodontal health.Item The Impact of Ozone on Periodontal Cell Line Viability and Function(Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 2025) Hashim, Nada Tawfig; Babiker, Rasha; Dasnadi, Shahistha Parveen; Islam, Md Sofiqul; Chaitanya, Nallan CSK; Mohammed, Riham; Farghal, Nancy Soliman; Gobara, Bakri; Rahman, Muhammed MustahsenPeriodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are chronic inflam matory conditions of the teeth’ supporting structures that can lead to progressive tissue destruction and loss if left untreated. Basic treatments like scaling and root planing, alone or combined with antimicrobial agents, are the standard of care. However, with the increas ing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the need for new ideas in therapy, adjunctive treatments like ozone therapy have gained attention. Ozone (O3), a triatomic oxygen molecule, is used because of its strong antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenera tive activity and, hence, as a potential tool in periodontal therapy. This review of the use of ozone therapy in periodontal disease breaks down the multifaceted mechanism of ozone therapy, which includes the selective antimicrobial action against biofilm-associated pathogens, immunomodulatory effects on host cells, and stimulation of tissue repair. O3 therapy disrupts microbial biofilms, enhances immune cell function, and promotes healing by activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways that regulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Additional findings include its ability to upregulate growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins, which is significant for periodontal tissue regeneration. This review also discusses the application of O3 therapy in periodontal cell lines, emphasizing its impact on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. Advances in periodontal re generative techniques, combined with the antimicrobial and healing properties of O3, have demonstrated significant clinical benefits. Challenges, including the need for standardized dosages, effective delivery systems, and long-term studies, are also addressed to ensure safe and effective clinical integration. O3 therapy, with its dual antimicrobial and regenerative capabilities, offers an innovative adjunctive approach to periodontal treatment. Future research focusing on optimized protocols and evidence-based guidelines is essential to fully realize its potential in enhancing periodontal health and improving patient outcomes.Item Gum Arabic as a potential candidate in quorum quenching and treatment of periodontal diseases(Frontiers in Oral Health, 2024) Hashim, Nada Tawfig; Babiker, Rasha; Rahman, Mohammed Mustahsen; Chaitanya, Nallan C. S. K.; Mohammed, Riham; Dasnadi, Shahistha Parveen; Gismalla, Bakri GobaraPeriodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions influenced by bacterial biofilm formation and host immune responses, affecting millions worldwide. Traditional treatments like mechanical debridement and systemic antibiotics often face limitations, including biofilm resilience and antibiotic resistance. Gum Arabic (GA), a natural exudate from Acacia trees, presents a promising alternative with its anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory properties. This review highlights the role of GA in periodontal therapy, particularly its ability to interfere with quorum sensing (QS) pathways, specifically the AI-2 signaling system used by key periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, andFusobacterium nucleatum. By disrupting QS, GA inhibits biofilm formation, reduces bacterial virulence, and promotes a balanced oral microbiome. GA’s prebiotic properties also encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria, enhancing the host’s immune response while preserving the systemic microbiome. Clinical studies demonstrate GA’s effectiveness as an adjunct in periodontal therapy, with significant reductions in plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and bleeding. This highlights GA’spotential as a natural therapeutic agent, offering an effective, antibiotic-sparing option in managing periodontal disease. However, further research is warranted to fully establish GA’s role in comprehensive periodontal care and its long-term benefits.Item The Global Burden of Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review on Unveiling Socioeconomic and Health Challenges(International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2025) Hashim, Nada Tawfig; Babiker, Rasha; Padmanabhan, Vivek; Ahmed, Azza Tagelsir; Chaitanya, Nallan C. S. K.; Mohammed, Riham; Priya, Sivan Padma; Ahmed, Ayman; El Bahra, Shadi; Islam, Md Sofiqul; Gismalla, Bakri Gobara; Rahman, Muhammed MustahsenAbstract: Periodontal disease is a prevalent chronic inflammatory condition that impacts over a billion people worldwide, leading to substantial tooth loss, reduced quality of life, and heightened systemic health risks. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding the global burden of periodontal disease, its established associations with systemic conditions including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, adverse pregnancy outcomes, respiratory infections, and neurodegenerative disorders, and its significant socioeconomic implications. The review focused on the following research question: What is the global burden of periodontal disease, and how do its systemic and socioeconomic implications necessitate integrated public health strategies? A structured search of the PubMed,Scopus, andWHOdatabasesfrom2000to2024wasconductedtoidentifyrelevant literature using key terms, including “periodontal disease”, “global burden”, “systemic inflammation”, and “public health strategies”. Out of 312 initially identified articles, 175 satisfied the inclusion criteria for the final synthesis. The findings underscore the significance of periodontal disease as a modifiable risk factor for various noncommunicable diseases, the influence of healthcare disparities on disease progression, and the critical necessity for integrated public health strategies to mitigate the global burden of periodontal disease and its consequences. The review concludes that coordinated policy reform, health system integration, and enhanced research efforts are crucial for mitigating the global burden of periodontal disease and advancing health equity.