National University - Sudan (NUSU)

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REGRESSION OF LIVER FIBROSIS IN SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI INFECTED SUDANESE SUBJECTS AFTER PRAZIQUANTEL TREATMENT
(Gezira Journal Of Health Sciences, 2005) Rahoud, Siddig A.; Mergani, Adil; Khamis, Ammar H.; Saeed, Osman K.; Ali, Qurashi Mohamed; Dessein, Alain J.; Elwali. Nasr Eldin M. A.
Objectives: 1-To evaluate the effect of Praziquantel (PZQ) therapy on the regression of liver fibrosis in an endemic population. 2-To determine the factors controlling the regression of hepatic fibrosis (e.g. gender, age and grade of fibrosis). Material and methods: An association study of a cohort of one hundred seventy seven Sudanese patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni (82 males 46%, 95 females 54%) was conducted to evaluate the factors controlling the regression of liver fibrosis 39 months after treatment with PZQ using ultrasound evaluation. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software was used for statistical analysis. Chi- Square was used to compare the two phenotypes (regression and progression) in the study subjects. Results: PPF was regressed in 63 patients (36%) from higher grades of fibrosis to lower ones. While in 24 patients (13 %) the disease progressed to higher grades. In addition, the grade of PPF did not change in 90 patients (51%). The mean values of portal vein diameter (PVD), splenic vein diameter (SVD), and index liver size (ILS) in subjects in whom PPF regressed after treatment were significantly lower than in subjects in whom the disease was progressed (P < .0001, P = .031, and P = .003 respectively).The progression of hepatic fibrosis in males (n = 15, 18 %) was greater than that of females (n = 9, 9 %). Patients who showed regression of PPF or progression of the disease tend to cluster in certain families. Conclusion: Our study indicated that regression and stabilization of PPF after PZQ therapy is controlled by gender, age, grade of fibrosis, and possibly inherited factors.
Lower succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase (SCOT) and ATP citrate lyase in pancreatic islets of a rat model of type 2 diabetes: Knockdown of SCOT inhibits insulin release in rat insulinoma cells
(journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yabbi, 2010) Hasan,Noaman M; Longacre,Melissa J; Ahmed,Mohammed Seed; Kendrick,Mindy A; Gu,Harvest; Ostenson,Claes-Goran; Fukao,Toshiyuki; MacDonald,Michael J
Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase (SCOT) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of coenzyme-A from acetoacetyl-CoA to succinate to form acetoacetate and succinyl-CoA. mRNAs of SCOT and ATP citrate lyase were decreased 55% and 58% and enzyme activities were decreased >70% in pancreatic islets of the GK rat, a model of type 2 diabetes. INS-1 832/13 cells were transfected with shR- NAs targeting SCOT mRNA to generate cell lines with reduced SCOT activity. Two cell lines with >70% knockdown of SCOT activity showed >70% reduction in glucose- or methyl succinate-plus-b-hydroxybu- tyrate-stimulated insulin release. Less inhibition of insulin release was observed with two cell lines with less knockdown of SCOT. Previous studies showed knockdown of ATP citrate lyase in INS-1 832/13 cells does not lower insulin release. The results further support work that suggests mitochondrial pathways involving SCOT which supply acetoacetate for export to the cytosol are important for insulin secretion.
Effects of gum Arabic ingestion on body mass index and body fat percentage in healthy adult females: two-arm randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial
(Nutrition Journal, 2012) Babiker, Rasha; Merghani, Tarig H; Elmusharaf, Khalifa; Badi, Rehab M; Lang, Florian; Saeed, Amal M
Background: Gum Arabic (acacia Senegal) is a complex polysaccharide indigestible to both humans and animals. It has been considered as a safe dietary fiber by the United States, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since the 1970s. Although its effects were extensively studied in animals, there is paucity of data regarding its quantified use in humans. This study was conducted to determine effects of regular Gum Arabic (GA) ingestion on body mass index and body fat percentage among healthy adult females. Methods: A two-arm randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial was conducted in the Department of Physiology at the Khartoum University. A total of 120 healthy females completed the study. They were divided to two groups: A test group of 60 volunteers receiving GA (30 gm /day) for 6 weeks and a placebo group of 60 volunteers receiving pectin (1 gm/day) for the same period of time. Weight and height were measured before and after intervention using standardized height and weight scales. Skin fold thickness was measured using Harpenden Skin fold caliper. Fat percentage was calculated using Jackson and Pollock 7 caliper method and Siri equation. Results: Pre and post analysis among the study group showed significant reduction in BMI by 0.32 (95% CI: 0.17 to 0.47; P<0.0001) and body fat percentage by 2.18% (95% CI: 1.54 to 2.83; P<0.0001) following regular intake of 30 gm /day Gum Arabic for six weeks. Side effects caused by GA ingestion were experienced only in the first week. They included unfavorable viscous sensation in the mouth, early morning nausea, mild diarrhea and bloating abdomen. Conclusions: GA ingestion causes significant reduction in BMI and body fat percentage among healthy adult females. The effect could be exploited in the treatment of obesity.
Conversion of Abdominal Physiological Motion into Electrical Signal Using Pressure Sensor
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2012) omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Hassen,Imad B; Husain, ELtaher M; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E
The organs motion has been as a matter of challenge for radiation therapy experts; hence the aim of this study was to sense the abdominal motion during breathing and converted into electric signal in order to be mimic and synchronize the organ motion during radiotherapy. The integrated silicon pressure sensor MPX4250 has been constructed and the human breathing pressure has been probed by the sensor and converted into voltage: the generated voltage during inhalation increases from zero (0) volt up to about 5 volts as maximum and the correlation between breathing pressure and the generated volts shows the following equations: y = 0.02x + 0.26 (for inhalation) and: y = - 0.02x + 0.26 for (exhalation). The general breathing mechanism gives a saw tooth curve voltage that could be used to express a synchronized abdominal organs motion during radiotherapy.
Increased expression of adenylyl cyclase 3 in pancreatic islets and central nervous system of diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats
(Journaltandfonline, 2012) Ahmed,Mohammed Seed; Kovoor,Abraham; Nordman,Sofia; Abu Seman,Norhashimah; Gu,Tianwei; Efendic,Suad; Brismar,Kerstin; Östenson,Claes-Göran; Gu,Harvest F
Adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3) is expressed in pancreatic islets of the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, a spontaneous animal model of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and also exerts genetic effects on the regulation of body weight in man. In addition to pancreatic islets, the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of T2D and obesity by regulating feeding behavior, body weight and glucose metabolism. In the present study, we have investigated AC3 expression in pancreatic islets, striatum and hypothalamus of GK rats to evaluate its role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. GK and Wistar rats at the age of 2.5 mo were used. A group of GK rats were implanted with sustained insulin release chips for 15 d. Plasma glucose and serum insulin levels were measured. AC3 gene expression levels in pancreatic islets, striatum and hypothalamus were determined by using real-time RT-PCR. Results indicated that plasma glucose levels in Wistar rats were found to be similar to insulin-treated GK rats, and significantly lower compared with non-treated GK rats. AC3 expression levels in pancreatic islets, striatum and hypothalamus of GK rats were higher compared with Wistar rats, while the levels were intermediate in insulin-treated GK rats. The AC3 expression display patterns between pancreatic islets and striatum-hypothalamus were similar. The present study thus provides the first evidence that AC3 is overexpressed in the regions of striatum and hypothalamus of brain, and similarly in pancreatic islets of GK rats suggesting that AC3 plays a role in regulation of glucose homeostasis via CNS and insulin secretion.
Effects of gum Arabic ingestion on body mass index and body fat percentage in healthy adult females: two-arm randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial
(Nutrition Journal, 2012) Babiker,Rasha; Merghani,Tarig H; Elmusharaf,Khalifa; Badi,Rehab M; Lang,Florian; Saeed,Amal M
Background: Gum Arabic (acacia Senegal) is a complex polysaccharide indigestible to both humans and animals. It has been considered as a safe dietary fiber by the United States, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since the 1970s. Although its effects were extensively studied in animals, there is paucity of data regarding its quantified use in humans. This study was conducted to determine effects of regular Gum Arabic (GA) ingestion on body mass index and body fat percentage among healthy adult females. Methods: A two-arm randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial was conducted in the Department of Physiology at the Khartoum University. A total of 120 healthy females completed the study. They were divided to two groups: A test group of 60 volunteers receiving GA (30 gm /day) for 6 weeks and a placebo group of 60 volunteers receiving pectin (1 gm/day) for the same period of time. Weight and height were measured before and after intervention using standardized height and weight scales. Skin fold thickness was measured using Harpenden Skin fold caliper. Fat percentage was calculated using Jackson and Pollock 7 caliper method and Siri equation. Results: Pre and post analysis among the study group showed significant reduction in BMI by 0.32 (95% CI: 0.17 to 0.47; P<0.0001) and body fat percentage by 2.18% (95% CI: 1.54 to 2.83; P<0.0001) following regular intake of 30 gm /day Gum Arabic for six weeks. Side effects caused by GA ingestion were experienced only in the first week. They included unfavorable viscous sensation in the mouth, early morning nausea, mild diarrhea and bloating abdomen. Conclusions: GA ingestion causes significant reduction in BMI and body fat percentage among healthy adult females. The effect could be exploited in the treatment of obesity.
Evaluation of Diagnostic Radiology Department in Term of Quality Control (QC) of X-Ray Units at Khartoum State Hospitals
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2013) Ismail,H.A; Ali,O.A; Omer,M.A; Garelnabi,M.E; Mustafa,N.S
The mean objective in diagnostic radiology is to in provide high qualitydiagnostic image while keeping the patients and workers dose in the lower limit according toALARA principle, (Maria Lucia Nana et al 2009). To optimize the practice of diagnostic radiology, adequatequality assurance (QA) program should be in place.18 hospitals with 18 x-ray units distributed in Khartoum state were evaluated inthis study.Each x-ray unit was tested for Kvp andtimeReproducibility , accuracy of Kvp and time , mAs linearity, and coincidence between light beam and radiation beam. The dark rooms were alsoevaluated to assess the fog level.CONNY II QC Dosimeter made by PTW company were use to for this study. The analysis of the results showed that two out of eighteenunit had a problem in mAs linearity, also two out of eighteen unit had a problem in kVp accuracy and one had a problem inkVp reproducibility. three devices have defects concerning adaptation with optical fieldand radiation field. More than 50% of the darkrooms had a problem in fog level; time accuracy and time reproducibility were in the acceptable limit.The quality control of the radiologicaldevices should be performed periodically and regularly and the defects of the devices should be removed in order to beassured of the appropriate function of the devices. many of these machines need service because of lack ofimplementing the quality control program regularly, which indicates that the quality control programs should be extendedregularly.because the dark rooms is very important place specially in conventional radiology departmentlike in Sudan so it need to periodic review to monitor the fog.
Assessment of Gamma Camera SPECT Resolution using Developed Quality Control Phantom
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2013) Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Ali,Wadah M; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Edam,Ghada A
The aim of this study; was to developed and designs an indigenous quality control phantom QCP to be used for gamma camera resolution QC test which installed at Royal Care hospital (RCH) and Radiation & Isotopes Center of Khartoum (RICK), as well to compare its performance relative to the standard QC phantom recommended by National Electronic Manufacture Association NEMA. The phantom has been designed based on the parameters and specifications recommended by NEMA with specific indigenous designing in view of utilizing local cheep material such as Perspex and wires lead and geometrical engineering. The comparative QC assessment for RCH and RICK revealed that: for RCH and RICK the resolution was 94.0% and 89.5% respectively which was dependant on the minimum object size resolved in the designed phantom (0.5 mm), while the resolution obtained by NEMA standard phantom showed 95.5% and 91.8% respectively. Quite similar resolution% has been obtained by the designed phantom depending on the object frequency (number of object/cm) i.e. number of lead wires resolved per cm2 , in this view the resolution was resolution was 94% and 90.3% respectively and in comparison with that obtained by NEMA phantom which was 95.5% and 91.8% respectively, the average deviation factor of the designed phantom from the standard was 1.5% - 1.9. Also the general trend of correlation between object size versus resolution showed a linear proportional equation in a form of y = 6.59x + 47.87 and y = 6.64x + 43.1 for RCH and RICK respectively with significant correlation as R2 = 0.98. And for object frequency versus resolution, the equation trend was inversely according to: for RCH and for RICK, where x refers to object frequency and y refers to resolution%, with significant correlation as R2 = 1.
Evaluation of Radiation Dose for Cardiac Catheterization Staff
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2013) Ahmed,Abdelrahman A; Hassan,Abdoelrahman A. B; Garelnabi, M. E. M
This study was aimed to measure and evaluate the staff and patients radiation dose during cardiac catheterization procedures in Al-shab teaching hospital in Khartoum state, Sudan. Staff doses measured in (61) procedures (43) for diagnostic (CA) and (18) for therapeutic percutaneous Coronary Interventional (PCI) procedure using thermo-luminesces Dosimeters (TLDs) (LiF, Mg, Cu, P) at three anatomic locations (waist, chest and hand) for main operator and in the chest to assistant operator. While for patient; the dose measured using dose area product (DAP) meter. The radiation dose for the main operator's waist, chest and hand were 0.0608, 0.1127, 0.2125mGy respectively and for the assistant operator's chest was 0.0134mGy depending on TLD method indicating an increment by 28.8% relative to MPD. The patient dose as DAP measured as in mean 905.479± 6.7mGy. The dose measured in this study was lower than the previous reported studies in literature. This almost due to technical parameters reduction so it reduces the scattering radiation in all examinations which considered one of the major causes of received doses.
Genetic Association of Adrenergic Receptor Alpha 2a with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
(Original Article EPIDEMIOLOGY/GENETICS, 2013) La ̊ ngberg,Ewa-Carin; Ahmed,Mohammed Seed; Efendic,Suad; Gu,Harvest F; Ostenson,Claes-Goran
Objective: The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is linked to glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. The a2A-adrenergic receptor (ADRA2A) is involved in the SNS and mediates inhibition of insulin secretion and lipolysis. The association of ADRA2A single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes (T2D) was investigated. Design and Methods: Genotyping was performed in a case–control study of 1,177 Swedish individuals, including lean and obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and T2D patients. ADRA2A mRNA expression was measured in pancreatic islets isolated from T2D patients and nondiabetic subjects. Results: SNP rs553668 was associated with T2D in men (odds ratio [OR] 1⁄4 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1⁄4 1.08–2.01; P 1⁄4 0.015) but this association was lost after adjusting for age and for body mass index (BMI). Associations were also detected when comparing obese NGT and lean NGT subjects (OR 1⁄4 1.49; 95% CI 1⁄4 1.07–2.07; P 1⁄4 0.017), and in obese (OR 1⁄4 1.62; 95% CI 1⁄4 1.06–2.49; P 1⁄4 0.026), but not in lean T2D. In women, multiple logistic regression regarding SNP rs521674 demonstrated an increased OR of 7.61 (95% CI 1⁄4 1.70–34.17; P 1⁄4 0.008) for T2D when including age as a covariant. Correcting for BMI removed the significant association. When age was included in the model, association also found when obese T2D patients were compared with lean NGT subjects (P 1⁄4 0.041). ADRA2A mRNA expression in human pancreatic islets was detectable, but with no statistically significant difference between the diabetic and the control groups. Conclusions: ADRA2A genetic polymorphisms are mainly associated with obesity and possibly with T2D in a Swedish population.
Rate of Fatty Liver Disease in Najran Patients between 20-60 Years Old at King Khalid Hospital (Dec 2011-Dec 2012)
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2013) Ahmed,Maha Esmeal; Khalid,Najla Hussein Mohamed; Mehdar,Kholud Mohammed
The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of liver examination by ultrasound in Najran patients during the period Dec 2011- Dec 2012, specifically to discover the rate of incidence of fatty liver and its relationship to risk factors. This is a retrospective, descriptive and quantitative case series using data collected from King Khalid hospital in Najran during the period Dec 2011- Dec 2012, where 957 patients had undergone ultrasound examination for different abdominal diseases. Data of this study was collected using a check list from the PACS (picture archive and communicating system) and the results were analyzed by using SPSS computer system. Data for a total of 957 patients who had completed abdominal ultrasound were collected. 319 were found to have fatty liver as diagnosed by ultrasound. The mean age of the study group was (49.6 ± 14.1), the mean weight was (78± 6.12), and an elevated level of ALT (alanine aminotransferase ), AST (aspartate aminotransferase) was detected in 55.7 % and 43.2% respectively . A BMI (Body mass index) > 25kg/m2 was detected in 80 % of the patient. The prevalence of NAFLD (non alcoholic fatty liver disease) was 33.3 % and it was more common in females (178, 55.4%) than in males (141, 44.1%). It is highest in the age group 40-60 years old. Diabetes was present in 24.1 % (77 patients with high fasting glucose), obesity in 45.7% (147 patients). Of the all patients, high cholesterol was present in 23, 7 % of the total. The prevalence of fatty liver in Najran patients is high. It is more common in the female than male. Obesity and diabetes are the common risk factors associated with fatty liver disease.
Measurement of Lipid Profiles in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction in Different Anti-Coagulants
(International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2014) Maaz,Rana; Dafalla,Mustafa; Khogali,Tawfig; Mahdi,Mohammed A; Modawe,Gad Allah
Background: Myocardial infraction is the death of heart muscle from the sudden blockage of coronary arterial vessel by a blood clot. Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure plasma/serum lipid concentrations in patients with Acute Myocardial Infraction (AMI) within one week of onset of symptoms of AMI in different anti- coagulates. Methodology: This study was case-control study, match age and sex, carried out in Alshab Teaching Hospital at Khartoum State in period from March to August 2007. Blood samples were collected in all subject study (patients and controls) and estimated the lipids in serum and plasma by colorimetric methods. Results: The (mean ±SD) serum/plasma cholesterol in patients were (162.43±33.78, 161.33±44.37, 161.10±46.94) and also in control subject were (161.43±42.08, 162.80±38.29, 167.70±4.43) respectively. The (mean ±SD) of serum/plasma triacylglycerol in patients and control were respectively (105.30±52.53, 11.70±49.61, 113.70±55.80) in controls were (112.70±57.17, 110.83±54.17, 105.93±42.25). The (mean ±SD) in serum/plasma high density lipoprotein in patients were (41.93±15.95, 38.10±13.65, 36.83±13.31) in control were (112.70±20.95, 110.83±19.63, 105.93±17.09). The (mean ±SD) in patients of low obesity lipoproteins were (99.73±43.27, 100.57±51.58, 102.63±51.25) and also control were (85.10±38.167, 92.93±22, 102.93±47.95) comparison between WHO recommended anti-coagulant (EDTD, Lithium heparin) LDL levels showed a significant difference (P=0.039) in plasma for lithium heparin as anti-coagulant, but HDL showed statistical difference (P=0.0) in both serum and plasma with EDTA. Conclusion: From this study it could be concluded that it might be better to use serum in the measurement of lipid profile than use anti-coagulant (EDTA and lithium heparin).
Influence of ear side and gender on Distortion Product of normal hearing Iraqi population of age (21-30) years
(Elixir International Journal, 2014) Elfadil,Mohamed; Alhayani,Salah; A.Eesee,Maha
The goal of this study was to evaluate Distortion Product Otoacoustic emissions in the normal hearing subjects regarding to the following variables; ear side & gender. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the ear side and gender on the distortion product Otoacoustic emission of normal hearing Iraqi population of age (21-30) years. The decision about whether a Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission is present often depends on a visual assessment of the response along with certain objective criteria, such as DP1 level (amplitude) and the signal-to-noise ratio of the response compared to the noise. DPOAEs were considered present when the signal was at least 3 dB above the corresponding noise level. In the present study, the overall SNR for each tested ear was more than 3 dB SPL at the overall frequency bands. The findings from this study revealed an ear asymmetry and gender effect on the parameters of the DPOAEs (SNRs dB SPL &DP1 level dB) in Iraqi subjects. Right ears were found to produce higher DPOAEs- SNRs than left ears and The DPOAEs (DP1 level dB) in the right ears was higher than that in the left ears .The minimum value of the whole Signal-to-noise ratio (SNRs) recorded for all tested ears was above 3 dB SPL over frequency bands 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kHz. The mean value of the whole SNRs in 56 ears was (10.53 dB SPL), ranged from 3.0 to 28.30 dB SPL. In females; the mean value of whole SNRs (11.27 dB SPL) was higher than that in males (9.8 dB SPL). The mean value of SNRs in the right ears female (11.38 dB SPL) was higher than that in the left ears female (11.16 dB SPL), while in male; the mean value of SNRs in the right ears male (10.08 dB SPL) was higher than that in the left ears male (9.52 dB SPL). The results show The minimum and the maximum value of the whole Distortion product (DP1 Level) recorded for all tested ears (56) was -10.7 and 25.6 dB respectively over frequency bands 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kHz. The mean value of the whole DP1 level in 56 ears was (6.50 dB), ranged from (-10.7 to 25.6 dB). In females; the mean value of whole DP1 Level (7.72 dB) was higher than that in males (5.28 dB). The mean value of DP1 level in the right ears female (8.22 dB) was higher than that in the left ears female (7.23 dB), while in male; the mean value of DP1 level in the right ears male (5.58 dB) was higher than that in the left ears male (4.98 dB).
Evaluation between estimated and calculated plasma low density lipoproteins
(Advanced Research Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2014) Mahdi,Mohammed A; Modawe,GadAllah; Amanullah,Mohammed; Zaman,Gaffar Sarwar; Abd Elrouf,Mohamed Babiker
Increased LDL level is one of the major causes of heart disease including arteriosclerosis. Hence an accurate and timely measure of LDL can prevent the incidence of cardiac disorders. In the present study we compared the results between directly measured plasma LDL and calculated LDL. The LDL level was measured by colorimetric method and the calculation was done using friedwald’s equation in hyperlipidemic patients and healthy populations. We aimed to measure the accuracy of colorimetric method and fridwald’s equation in the estimation of plasma LDL in hyperlipidemic patients and healthy populations and assess if there is correlation between cholesterol level and LDL level thereby prevent false diagnosis due to false or inaccurate results . 2.5ml of blood was taken in lithium heparin container from 50 hyperlipidemic and normal populations, then centrifuged at 4000r.p.m for 3mins, the plasma was separated. Estimation of cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL was done using the routine reagents. Control sera (normal and pathologic) were used for every patch, after incubation the reaction color was read in a colorimeter (JENWAY 6051), beer, s and lambert, s law was used to measure the concentrations of the samples. Then for the same samples the Fridwald’s equation was used to calculate the LDL level. Mean value of 139.5 mg/dl, and a standard deviation of 37.44 was found for the hyperlipidemic patient’s LDL level by direct measurement and a mean of 136.5 mg/dl, and a standard deviation of 43.90 was found by using the Fridwald’s equation. The p value was found equal to 0.624, which is statistically insignificant. Also a mean of 73.6 mg/dl, and a standard deviation of 17.65 was found for the normal subjects LDL level by direct measure, and a mean of 71.2 mg/dl and a standard deviation of 22.50 was found by using the equation. The p value was found equal to 0.60 which is statistically insignificant. A moderate correlation of 0.48 was found between patient’s cholesterol and LDL levels. Also a moderate correlation of 0.49 was found between normal subject’s cholesterol and LDL level. We conclude that both Fridewald’s equation and direct colorimetric method can be used for routine LDL levels because it gives acceptable results. Moreover there is a correlation between cholesterol level and LDL level.
A comparative estimation of plasma creatinine concentration using Jaffe’s reaction and kinetic method in patients with chronic renal failure
(American Journal of Advances in Medical Science, 2014) Mahdi,Mohammed A; Modawe,Gad Allah; Amanullah,Mohammed; Abd Elrouf,Mohamed Babiker; Zaman ,Gaffar Sarwar
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a clinical syndrome that occurs when there is a gradual decline in renal function over time. Creatinine (Molecular Weight 113 Dalton-MW 113 D) is the cyclic anhydride of creatine that is produced as the final product of decomposition of phosphocreatine. In the present work an attempt has been made to compare between results of plasma creatinine using endpoint Jaffe reaction and kinetic method in patients with chronic renal failure. Results from the present study conclude that kinetic Jaffe reaction is better than endpoint Jaffe reaction.
Controlling Collimator Motion in Cobalt-60 Radiotherapy Machine by Converted Breathing Electrical Signal
(Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 2014) Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Hassen,Imad B; Husain,ELtaher M
The respiration (Inhalation and Expiration) as physiological mechanism causes the internal human organs displaced partially away from the field size boundary area during radiotherapy; as the collimator of radiotherapy machine is fixed, hence the aim of the following study was to convert the breathing physiological motion into electric signal and further to set the collimator in real dynamic synchronized with breathing mechanism. With usage of pressure sensor; the mechanical motion of abdomen due to breathing has been converted into analog electrical signal in a real time sinusoidal mode, then with usage of a microcontroller; the analog signal has been converted to digital discrete sequence signals form with (0-5) volts {1100,0110,0011,1001}and {1001, 0011, 0110, 1100}, then these signals connected to the stepper motor in sequence form; via the driver circuit (ULN2003A) which link and gives enough voltage (0-12) volts to turn the stepper motor in clock wise direction (CW), in respect to signal {1100,0110,0011,1001} or counter clock wise (CCW), in respect to signal {1001, 0011, 0110, 1100} which is corresponding to collimator motion of radiotherapy machine (Co-60) in synchronized pattern to abdominal motion induced by breathing mechanism.
Albumin: Creatinine Ratio during long term Diabetes Mellitus in the Assessment of early Nephropathy in Sudanese Population
(Sudan JMS, 2014) Almozmil,M; Mahdi,MA; Modawe,G2; Amanullah,M; Zaman,GS; Babiker,AM
Background: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major causes of chronic renal failure. Microalbuminuria (MAU) has been recognized as an independent and reliable predictor for future development of overt proteinuria in diabetic patients. Objectives: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried during the period of January-April 2012, in Omdurman Teaching Hospital, to determine Microalbuminuria creatinine ratio, in long term Diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Immunoturbidmetric method was used to asses’ microalbuminuria in 50 cases (50%) and 50 controls (50%). Ordinary chemical method (Jaffe reaction) was used for the determination of creatinine for both the groups. Results: Microalbuminuria in Diabetic patients showed an increase when compared with the control group with P value 0.000. Similarly creatinine also showed an increase in diabetic patients. Conclusion: It was concluded and is in further affirmation of the previous studies that microalbuminuria should be used as an early indicator for Diabetic Nephropathy. Further studies with 24 hour urine sample are recommended for assessment of Microalbuminuria in long term Diabetic patients, provided that the patients are on a normal diet with regular treatment for diabetes.
Measurement of Radiation Dose in Radiotherapy using PVA/AgNO3 Composite Film
(INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH, 2014) Ismail,Hamed A; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Mustafa,Nuha S; Khidir,Nasr Aldeen N
The composite films of PVA/AgNO3 have been prepared using casting technique which after irradiation with γ-ray and receiving doses in the range of 1, 2, 4... 12 and 15 Gy) at entrance and exit beam of a phantom, they showed a color changes from white to light yellow, golden, brown and dark brown. The characterization of films by UV-visible spectroscope showed and absorption peaks at 200 and 410 nm, and the absorption peak increase following the increment of applied radiation dose in a linear form based on the following equations: and for entrance and exit dose respectively, where y refers to the absorption in (au) and x refers to the dose in Gray (Gy) with a correlation coefficient of . And the optical density showed great and significant relation between the dose and optical density in a form of linear proportional relation based on the following equations: and for entrance and exit doses respectively, where y refers to optical density and x refers to the applied dose in Gy.
Measurement of Cranial and Brain Ventricle Volumes Relative to Pathologies
(International Journal of Science and Research, 2014) Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Alasar,Emad M. Mukhtar; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Sakin,Ghada A. E; Bushara,Yahia M
A volumetric study has been carried out using CT imaging to measure the cranial volume and correlate with the common pathologies that influencing their dimension such as brain ventricle volume and cranial volume. The study taking a sample of 150 patients referred to hospital for CT imaging version (GE - bright speed 16 slice - 2002). And according to basic protocol, spiral scanning with equal slice thickness and interval space, patient without contrast media, supine position, head first, orbito-metal line as anatomical reference, radiographic base line (RBL) perpendicular to couch, and the reconstruction of images have been carried out according to organ of interest for diagnosis. The results showed that: the incidence of pathologies that influencing the brain ventricle volumes and cranial volume was higher among male with 62% relative to 38% among female and the common pathology that influences the cranial and brain volume was the hydrocephalus taking a percent of 40.5%, mixed (hydrocephalus and tumor) represents 23%, tumors 21.5% and schizophrenia 15%. In relation to age groups, these pathologies have been peaking on age groups 1-10 years old which representing (40%) and among age groups of 55-65 years old 25%. The age was correlated with ventricle and cranial volumes in a form of linear proportional equation: (y = 0 .71x +12.12) and (y = 18.35x + 2776), where x refers to age in years and y refers volume of ventricle and cranial in cm3 . In relation between cranial volumes with age among both gender: The cranial volume increases by aging among male and female up to 21-30 years old, then became semi-constant after, and the male cranial volume was 3191.7± STD114 cm3 which is greater than in female which was 3133 ± STD124 cm3 in average. While the relation between the ventricle volumes and age groups for both genders, revealed that: the brain ventricles volume increase with aging among both genders, in a relation that could be fitted in the following form: (y = 5.97x + 2075) among male and (y = 5.61x + 13.48) among female, where x refers to age in years and y refers to ventricle volume in cm3. The correlation so significant at R2 = 0.8, and the ventricles volumes of male appear greater than in female i.e. 50.6± STD17.9 for male and 41.5± STD17.3 for female. The ratio of ventricle\cranial volumes have been influenced by cranial pathologies, leading to increment of ventricular\cranial ration as follows: for mixed i.e. (tumor\hydrocephalus) representing 0.06, hydrocephalus 0.1, tumor 0.02 and schizophrenia was 0.03 relative to normal case which was 0.01.
Characterization of symptomatic Knee Joint in Sudanese
(Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 2014) Mustafa,Badria Awad Elamin Mustafa; Garelnabi,MEM; Mohamed,Sharaf Elgizouly; Abdulrahim,Salah Mohamed; Osman,H
Knee Joint is one of largest and complex joint in the human body. The aim of this study was to characterize symptomatic knee joints in Sudanese population by using height and circumference of knee joint to predict pathological changes that appear in the planner x-ray film in advance. A total of 257 symptomatic knee joints were measured. One hundred and six showed no change in the x-ray film ‘normal’, (56 male and 50 female), 151 of symptomatic patient’s showed change of knee joint in the plain x-ray ‘diseased’ (55 males and 96 females). Their age range between 18-65 years, bio-data such as height, weight, body mass index heights and circumferences of knees were recorded. In this study we found that there is a significant difference between the height and circumference of the knee for male and female, but there is inclusive differences regarding Rt and Lt knee in normal cases. While the circumference of the knee showed a significant difference between those with remarkable x-ray changes and the symptomatic one without obvious x-ray changes. In conclusion we can estimate the symptomatic patient without changes in X-ray from those with changes by using their age, body mass index and period of disease in a multi-regression equation to predict each groups where the index of possibility increase 0.009, 0.003 and 0.015 for age, period of disease and body mass index respectively; where index one indicate no change in x-ray and index two indicate presence of changes.