National University - Sudan (NUSU)
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Item Assessment of effects induced by bone scintigraphy dose in red & white blood cells relative to ageing and obesity(MOJ Public Health, 2020) Sakin,Ghada Abker Edam; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed Elfadil Mohamed; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Omer,Mohammed; Ali,Rowaida Bushra; Esmeal,MahaIntroduction: The indispensable Nuclear Medicine (NM) technology has been utilized for diagnosis of pathologies, cancer staging and researches; however, it accompanied by potential hazards; hence the aim of this study was to estimate the impact of radioactive dose of bone scintigraphy in quantity of WBCs and RBCs relative to ageing and body mass index (BMI). Methods: The Technetium-99m generator eluted based on time activity formula ( 0 t I Ie−λ = ) and further the eluted dose mixed with Methylene Diphosphate (MDP) and injected to specific patient based on BMI. Then WBCs and RBCs before and after 3-3.5 hours of dose injection estimated using automated cell counter (Sysmex KX-21) and the collected data of 150 patients analyzed by SPSS. Results: The results showed that Females were the common gender referred to bone scan representing 70%. The WBC and RBCs count increases following the ageing from 18–61 and 18-50 years old respectively then decreases following ageing. WBCs increases as the BMI increases from≤18.49 (underweight) up to 25–29.9 (overweight) then decreases among obese (30 – 39.9) and peaking among Morbidly obese (≥ 40 Kg) but remains in normal range, while RBCs increases as the BMI increases from underweight (≤18.49) up to normal BMI (18.5–24.9) then persist semi constant in normal range among the rest weights. The activity dose (15±2.9 mCi) of bone scan reduces significantly the WBCs by 3.8% at P-value = 0.00 and P=value = 0.05) relative to age and BMI respectively but reduced RBCs insignificantly (P-value = 0.32) by 3.6% relative to normal. Conclusion: NM doses of 15±2.9 mCi induce significant reduction in WBCs with regard to age and BMI, while the effect in RBCs was insignificant. Hence the ideal count of WBCs is necessary to be assessed before bone scan and the dose better reduced as less as the applied formula gave. Other methods of dose estimation will be contemplated and the image quality could be maintained by increasing image acquisition time or using SPECT.Item Assessment of Infertility Factors and Their Relative Impact in Pregnancy using Ultrasonography & Hormonal Checkup(Journal of Science and Science Education, 2020) Gar-elnabi,Mohamed Elfadil M; Abdelsalam.Manal Z; Abdelsalam,Manal Z; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Musa,Mustafa JInfertility as a social and psychological problem among middle east natives. Among them, Transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) and hormonal tests have been selected to evaluate infertility in this study. The objective was to assess the infertility factors and their relative impact in pregnancy and to deduce the equation to predict infertility. Methods: a retrospective data (morphometric pathologies of uterus and ovaries using TVU and laboratory hormones (FSH, LH)) have been collected from clinics for 180 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Sudan. The data analyzed by SPSS. The results showed that there were 120 (66.7%) infertile and 60 (33.3%) fertile ladies based on the marriage date. The common ovarian causes of infertility were the polycystic ovary (PCOs) 23.3%, simple cyst 6.1%, hemorrhagic cyst, 4.4%, and uterus causes: 6.7% intramural fibroma, 6.1% retroverted uterus, 2.8% submural fibroma, 2.2 polyps. The general accuracy of Stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis (SLDA) was 78.9%, for infertile was 70.8% and for fertile 95%. Larger ovarian width indicates significance (p < 0.05) infertility and FSH level low among infertile ladies, but LH is less dependent on discrimination.Item Evaluation of Breast Cancer Metastasis to The Skeletal System by Using Bone Scintigraphy(INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH, 2014) Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Gar-alnabi,M. E. M; Yousef,Mohamed; Sakin,Gada A.EThe aim of this study was to evaluate the breast cancer metastasis to specific preference parts of skeletal system using bones scintigraphy with consideration to metastatic from both breasts. The sample consists of 430 patients who refereed for bone scintigraphy at radiation and isotopes center in Khartoum during 2010-2013, after a confirmation of breast cancer based on histology, more variables as gender, age, involved quadrant and breast, anatomical sites of metastasis from both breast have been collected and analyzed. The analysis reveals that the left breast was highly involved by cancer 64% relative to right one. Breast cancer starts on age group of 20-30 years old and taking the plateau at 40-50 years old then decreases following aging. The right and left breasts cancer commonly gives metastases to lumbar vertebrae (26.7%, 22%), then dorsal vertebrae (14%, 19%), the pelvic bone (10%, 12.7%), the ribs (5%, 11.3%), the cervical vertebrae (8.7%, 10.7%), the skull (7.3%, ) and the femur bone with percentage of (6.7%, 10%) respectively and the right breast cancer gives higher metastatic percent to skeletal system segments 58.1% (250) than the left breast cancer41.9% (180), the predominant type of histopathology was Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) that representing 38% then the Adenoid carcinoma 27% and invasive lobular carcinoma 17%. The common involved quadrant by cancer was the upper outer quad- rant UOQ 44%, inner upper quadrant 17%., lower outer quadrant LOQ, lower inner quadrant LIQ and the nipple showed the following percentages 17%, 15%, 13%, and 11% respectively.Item Controlling Collimator Motion in Cobalt-60 Radiotherapy Machine by Converted Breathing Electrical Signal(Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 2014) Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Hassen,Imad B; Husain,ELtaher MThe respiration (Inhalation and Expiration) as physiological mechanism causes the internal human organs displaced partially away from the field size boundary area during radiotherapy; as the collimator of radiotherapy machine is fixed, hence the aim of the following study was to convert the breathing physiological motion into electric signal and further to set the collimator in real dynamic synchronized with breathing mechanism. With usage of pressure sensor; the mechanical motion of abdomen due to breathing has been converted into analog electrical signal in a real time sinusoidal mode, then with usage of a microcontroller; the analog signal has been converted to digital discrete sequence signals form with (0-5) volts {1100,0110,0011,1001}and {1001, 0011, 0110, 1100}, then these signals connected to the stepper motor in sequence form; via the driver circuit (ULN2003A) which link and gives enough voltage (0-12) volts to turn the stepper motor in clock wise direction (CW), in respect to signal {1100,0110,0011,1001} or counter clock wise (CCW), in respect to signal {1001, 0011, 0110, 1100} which is corresponding to collimator motion of radiotherapy machine (Co-60) in synchronized pattern to abdominal motion induced by breathing mechanism.Item Measurement of Cranial and Brain Ventricle Volumes Relative to Pathologies(International Journal of Science and Research, 2014) Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Alasar,Emad M. Mukhtar; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Sakin,Ghada A. E; Bushara,Yahia MA volumetric study has been carried out using CT imaging to measure the cranial volume and correlate with the common pathologies that influencing their dimension such as brain ventricle volume and cranial volume. The study taking a sample of 150 patients referred to hospital for CT imaging version (GE - bright speed 16 slice - 2002). And according to basic protocol, spiral scanning with equal slice thickness and interval space, patient without contrast media, supine position, head first, orbito-metal line as anatomical reference, radiographic base line (RBL) perpendicular to couch, and the reconstruction of images have been carried out according to organ of interest for diagnosis. The results showed that: the incidence of pathologies that influencing the brain ventricle volumes and cranial volume was higher among male with 62% relative to 38% among female and the common pathology that influences the cranial and brain volume was the hydrocephalus taking a percent of 40.5%, mixed (hydrocephalus and tumor) represents 23%, tumors 21.5% and schizophrenia 15%. In relation to age groups, these pathologies have been peaking on age groups 1-10 years old which representing (40%) and among age groups of 55-65 years old 25%. The age was correlated with ventricle and cranial volumes in a form of linear proportional equation: (y = 0 .71x +12.12) and (y = 18.35x + 2776), where x refers to age in years and y refers volume of ventricle and cranial in cm3 . In relation between cranial volumes with age among both gender: The cranial volume increases by aging among male and female up to 21-30 years old, then became semi-constant after, and the male cranial volume was 3191.7± STD114 cm3 which is greater than in female which was 3133 ± STD124 cm3 in average. While the relation between the ventricle volumes and age groups for both genders, revealed that: the brain ventricles volume increase with aging among both genders, in a relation that could be fitted in the following form: (y = 5.97x + 2075) among male and (y = 5.61x + 13.48) among female, where x refers to age in years and y refers to ventricle volume in cm3. The correlation so significant at R2 = 0.8, and the ventricles volumes of male appear greater than in female i.e. 50.6± STD17.9 for male and 41.5± STD17.3 for female. The ratio of ventricle\cranial volumes have been influenced by cranial pathologies, leading to increment of ventricular\cranial ration as follows: for mixed i.e. (tumor\hydrocephalus) representing 0.06, hydrocephalus 0.1, tumor 0.02 and schizophrenia was 0.03 relative to normal case which was 0.01.Item Measurement of Radiation Dose in Radiotherapy using PVA/AgNO3 Composite Film(INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH, 2014) Ismail,Hamed A; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Mustafa,Nuha S; Khidir,Nasr Aldeen NThe composite films of PVA/AgNO3 have been prepared using casting technique which after irradiation with γ-ray and receiving doses in the range of 1, 2, 4... 12 and 15 Gy) at entrance and exit beam of a phantom, they showed a color changes from white to light yellow, golden, brown and dark brown. The characterization of films by UV-visible spectroscope showed and absorption peaks at 200 and 410 nm, and the absorption peak increase following the increment of applied radiation dose in a linear form based on the following equations: and for entrance and exit dose respectively, where y refers to the absorption in (au) and x refers to the dose in Gray (Gy) with a correlation coefficient of . And the optical density showed great and significant relation between the dose and optical density in a form of linear proportional relation based on the following equations: and for entrance and exit doses respectively, where y refers to optical density and x refers to the applied dose in Gy.Item Effects of Static Magnetic Field in Albino Rats Blood Electrolytes(International Journal of Science and Research, 2014) Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Yousef, MohamedThe effects of static magnetic field of 1.5 Tesla during exposure time of 0-3 hours have been characterized among four groups (E0, E1, E2 and E3) of Rat's tissues (brain, lungs, liver and pancreas) and blood electrolytes (Na+ , K+ and Ca+2). Before the exposure, the average levels for electrolytes were 116.81± 3.67, 5.16 ± 0.28 mmol/l and 10.23 ± 0.07 mg/dl respectively. Then a significant (R2 =98, P = 0.05) reduction in Na+ , Ca+2 have been noticed following the exposure time in a linear correlation observed and the reduction was 31.55% and 15.59% respectively, while the K+ increased following the exposure time in a linear form and the increment percent at 3 hours of exposure was 47.76%.Item Assessment of Gamma Camera SPECT Resolution using Developed Quality Control Phantom(International Journal of Science and Research, 2013) Gar-elnabi,Mohamed E. M; Ali,Wadah M; Omer,Mohammed A. Ali; Edam,Ghada AThe aim of this study; was to developed and designs an indigenous quality control phantom QCP to be used for gamma camera resolution QC test which installed at Royal Care hospital (RCH) and Radiation & Isotopes Center of Khartoum (RICK), as well to compare its performance relative to the standard QC phantom recommended by National Electronic Manufacture Association NEMA. The phantom has been designed based on the parameters and specifications recommended by NEMA with specific indigenous designing in view of utilizing local cheep material such as Perspex and wires lead and geometrical engineering. The comparative QC assessment for RCH and RICK revealed that: for RCH and RICK the resolution was 94.0% and 89.5% respectively which was dependant on the minimum object size resolved in the designed phantom (0.5 mm), while the resolution obtained by NEMA standard phantom showed 95.5% and 91.8% respectively. Quite similar resolution% has been obtained by the designed phantom depending on the object frequency (number of object/cm) i.e. number of lead wires resolved per cm2 , in this view the resolution was resolution was 94% and 90.3% respectively and in comparison with that obtained by NEMA phantom which was 95.5% and 91.8% respectively, the average deviation factor of the designed phantom from the standard was 1.5% - 1.9. Also the general trend of correlation between object size versus resolution showed a linear proportional equation in a form of y = 6.59x + 47.87 and y = 6.64x + 43.1 for RCH and RICK respectively with significant correlation as R2 = 0.98. And for object frequency versus resolution, the equation trend was inversely according to: for RCH and for RICK, where x refers to object frequency and y refers to resolution%, with significant correlation as R2 = 1.